Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune disease that affects the central nervous system (CNS), including the brain and spinal cord. It occurs when the immune system mistakenly attacks the protective myelin sheath covering nerve fibers, leading to inflammation and nerve damage. This damage disrupts communication between the brain and the rest of the body,
Multiple myeloma is a type of blood cancer that affects plasma cells, a key component of the immune system found in the bone marrow. These malignant plasma cells multiply uncontrollably, producing abnormal antibodies and crowding out healthy blood cells, leading to various complications. Causes and Risk Factors While the exact cause of multiple myeloma remains
Multifocal Motor Neuropathy (MMN) is a rare, chronic neurological disorder that affects the peripheral nerves, leading to progressive muscle weakness without sensory loss. MMN is often mistaken for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) due to its asymmetric motor deficits. However, MMN is treatable with intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG), making early diagnosis critical. Causes and Risk Factors The
Multibacillary (MB) leprosy is a severe form of Hansen’s disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae, a slow-growing bacterium that primarily affects the skin, peripheral nerves, and mucous membranes. MB leprosy is characterized by a high bacterial load, extensive skin lesions, and significant nerve damage, leading to sensory loss and disability if left untreated. According to the
Mucopolysaccharidosis type VII (MPS VII), also known as Sly syndrome, is a rare lysosomal storage disorder caused by a deficiency of the β-glucuronidase (GUSB) enzyme. This enzyme is responsible for breaking down glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) such as dermatan sulfate, heparan sulfate, and chondroitin sulfate. The accumulation of these substances leads to progressive multisystem complications, affecting the
Mucopolysaccharidosis type IV-A (MPS IV-A), also known as Morquio A syndrome, is a rare lysosomal storage disorder caused by a deficiency of the enzyme N-acetylgalactosamine-6-sulfatase (GALNS). This enzyme is essential for breaking down glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), specifically keratan sulfate and chondroitin-6-sulfate. The accumulation of these substances leads to progressive skeletal abnormalities and systemic complications. What is
Mucopolysaccharidosis type II (MPS II), also known as Hunter syndrome, is a rare X-linked lysosomal storage disorder caused by a deficiency in the enzyme iduronate-2-sulfatase (IDS). This enzyme is crucial for the breakdown of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), specifically dermatan sulfate and heparan sulfate. The accumulation of these substances leads to progressive damage to multiple organs, including
Mucopolysaccharidosis type I (MPS I) is a rare genetic disorder caused by a deficiency of the enzyme alpha-L-iduronidase. This deficiency leads to the accumulation of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) in various tissues, resulting in progressive organ damage. MPS I encompasses a spectrum of severity, historically classified into Hurler syndrome (severe), Hurler-Scheie syndrome (intermediate), and Scheie syndrome (mild).
Mucocutaneous herpes simplex is a condition caused by the herpes simplex virus (HSV), which affects the skin and mucous membranes, including areas such as the lips, genital regions, and eyes. While the infection is common and often manageable, understanding its causes, symptoms, treatment options, and preventative measures is crucial for effective management and care. This
Muckle-Wells syndrome (MWS) is a rare, inherited genetic condition that primarily affects the immune system. It is classified as a type of autoinflammatory disorder, causing recurrent episodes of fever, skin rashes, and joint pain. Understanding Muckle-Wells syndrome is crucial for individuals affected by the condition, as it can significantly impact their quality of life and