Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) is a heterogeneous group of bone marrow disorders characterized by ineffective hematopoiesis and a risk of progression to acute myeloid leukemia (AML). A subset of MDS patients carries mutations in the isocitrate dehydrogenase-1 (IDH1) gene, which alters cellular metabolism and contributes to leukemogenesis. Identifying and targeting the IDH1 mutation has become a
Myelodysplastic syndrome with 5q deletion (del(5q) MDS) is a distinct subtype of myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) characterized by a deletion in the long arm of chromosome 5. This abnormality affects bone marrow function, leading to anemia and other hematologic abnormalities. Del(5q) MDS is often associated with a favorable prognosis compared to other MDS subtypes and responds
Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) is a group of hematologic disorders characterized by ineffective blood cell production due to bone marrow dysfunction. This leads to cytopenias, increasing the risk of anemia, infections, and bleeding complications. MDS can progress to acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in some cases, making early detection and appropriate treatment essential. Causes and Risk Factors
Mycosis fungoides (MF) is a rare type of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma that primarily affects the skin. It is classified as a cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL), where malignant T-cells accumulate in the skin, causing chronic and progressive skin lesions. While the disease advances slowly, early diagnosis and treatment are essential for managing symptoms and preventing complications. Causes
Mycoplasmal pneumonia, often referred to as “walking pneumonia,” is a mild yet persistent respiratory infection caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Unlike typical bacterial pneumonia, this condition progresses gradually and is commonly seen in children, young adults, and individuals in crowded environments such as schools and military barracks. Understanding the symptoms, diagnostic methods, and treatment options is
Mycoplasma hominis is a facultative anaerobic bacterium commonly found in the urogenital tract. While often asymptomatic, it can contribute to pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), a serious infection affecting the female reproductive organs. PID can lead to chronic pelvic pain, infertility, and ectopic pregnancy if left untreated. Understanding the role of Mycoplasma hominis in PID is
Mycobacteriosis refers to infections caused by non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM), a diverse group of bacteria found in soil, water, and dust. Unlike Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which causes tuberculosis, NTM infections are not contagious but can lead to chronic pulmonary disease, skin infections, and disseminated disease in immunocompromised individuals. Types of Mycobacteria Causing Mycobacteriosis Non-tuberculous mycobacteria are classified
Myasthenia gravis (MG) is a chronic autoimmune neuromuscular disorder that leads to varying degrees of skeletal muscle weakness. This condition occurs when communication between nerves and muscles is disrupted due to the body’s immune system attacking acetylcholine receptors at the neuromuscular junction. Early diagnosis and effective treatment are crucial for managing symptoms and improving quality
Murine typhus, also known as endemic typhus or flea-borne typhus, is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Rickettsia typhi. This bacterial infection primarily spreads through flea bites, particularly those from the Xenopsylla cheopis (oriental rat flea) that infest rodents, including rats and opossums. Causes and Transmission of Murine Typhus Murine typhus is transmitted when
Mumps is a contagious viral infection that primarily affects the salivary glands. The introduction of the mumps vaccine has significantly reduced its prevalence worldwide. This article provides a detailed overview of the mumps vaccination, including its effectiveness, recommended schedule, side effects, and global immunization strategies. Understanding Mumps Mumps is caused by the mumps virus, a