Neurotrophic keratitis (NK) is a rare, degenerative corneal disease caused by damage to the trigeminal nerve (cranial nerve V), leading to a loss of corneal sensation. This impairment affects tear production, epithelial integrity, and wound healing, often resulting in corneal ulceration, scarring, and vision loss. Despite being uncommon, NK is a progressive and potentially sight-threatening
Neurosyphilis is a severe manifestation of Treponema pallidum infection, occurring when syphilis invades the central nervous system (CNS). Although primarily associated with late-stage syphilis, it can develop at any stage, causing neurological and psychiatric symptoms. If left untreated, neurosyphilis can lead to permanent brain and spinal cord damage, significantly impacting cognitive and motor functions. This
Neuroendocrine prostate carcinoma (NEPC) is a rare and aggressive subtype of prostate cancer that arises from neuroendocrine cells within the prostate. Unlike conventional adenocarcinoma, which is androgen-dependent, NEPC is typically androgen-independent, making it resistant to traditional hormonal therapies. NEPC accounts for less than 2% of primary prostate cancers but can emerge as a treatment-resistant variant
Neurocysticercosis (NCC) is a parasitic infection of the central nervous system (CNS) caused by the larvae of Taenia solium, the pork tapeworm. It is the most common cause of acquired epilepsy worldwide, particularly in endemic regions such as Latin America, sub-Saharan Africa, and South Asia. Transmission occurs through ingestion of T. solium eggs, often via
Neuroblastoma is a rare pediatric cancer that originates in the sympathetic nervous system, often affecting the adrenal glands or nerve tissue along the spine. It is the most common extracranial solid tumor in children, accounting for 8-10% of all childhood cancers. Most cases occur in children under 5 years of age, with approximately 90% diagnosed
Neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD), also known as wet AMD, is a progressive eye disease that primarily affects the macula, the central part of the retina responsible for sharp vision. It is characterized by abnormal blood vessel growth (choroidal neovascularization) beneath the retina, leading to fluid leakage, hemorrhage, and eventual vision loss. Unlike dry AMD,
A neoplasm of the breast refers to an abnormal and uncontrolled growth of cells within the breast tissue. These neoplasms may be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous), with the latter posing significant health risks. Early identification and categorization are crucial for successful management and prognosis. Classification of Breast Neoplasms Benign vs. Malignant Neoplasms Primary vs.
Neoplasms Associated with von Hippel Lindau Disease: Von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) disease is a rare, autosomal dominant hereditary cancer syndrome characterized by the development of benign and malignant tumors in multiple organ systems. This multisystem disorder arises due to germline mutations in the VHL tumor suppressor gene located on chromosome 3p25.3, which plays a critical role
Neonatal pneumonia is a serious lung infection in newborns that can occur due to bacterial, viral, or fungal pathogens. It is a leading cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality, especially in preterm and low-birth-weight infants. The condition can be classified as congenital (intrauterine), early-onset, or late-onset pneumonia, depending on the time of infection. Early identification
Neonatal meningitis is a severe central nervous system (CNS) infection that affects newborns, leading to inflammation of the meninges—the protective membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord. It is a life-threatening condition requiring urgent medical intervention due to its high morbidity and mortality rates. The disease is primarily caused by bacterial or viral infections, with