Nosocomial pneumonia due to Haemophilus influenzae (H. influenzae) is a significant concern in hospitalized patients, particularly among those in intensive care units (ICUs), on mechanical ventilation, or with pre-existing pulmonary conditions. As a facultative anaerobic, gram-negative coccobacillus, H. influenzae colonizes the upper respiratory tract and can transition to a pathogenic state under immunocompromised or hospital-acquired
Nosocomial Pneumonia Due to Escherichia coli: Nosocomial pneumonia due to Escherichia coli represents a significant burden in hospital settings, particularly among critically ill and immunocompromised patients. As a gram-negative bacillus from the Enterobacteriaceae family, E. coli has emerged as a notable pathogen in hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP), especially among those undergoing invasive procedures or prolonged antibiotic
Nosocomial bacterial pneumonia—commonly referred to as hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP)—is a severe respiratory infection that develops 48 hours or more after hospital admission. A subset of HAP, ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP), occurs in patients who have been mechanically ventilated for at least 48 hours. Both conditions are associated with high morbidity, prolonged hospital stays, increased healthcare costs,
Nonsquamous non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) encompasses a broad group of lung cancers that do not exhibit squamous differentiation. The majority of these cases fall under the adenocarcinoma subtype, which is the most prevalent form of lung cancer in both smokers and non-smokers. Due to advancements in molecular profiling and targeted therapies, the treatment landscape
Nongonococcal urethritis (NGU) refers to inflammation of the urethra not caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae. It is a common urogenital condition, especially in sexually active males, and represents a significant proportion of urethritis cases globally. NGU is primarily transmitted through sexual contact and is commonly caused by bacterial pathogens, particularly Chlamydia trachomatis, though other organisms and
Nonfunctional Neuroendocrine Tumors of Lung Origin: Nonfunctional neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) of lung origin represent a subset of bronchopulmonary neuroendocrine neoplasms characterized by neuroendocrine differentiation without active hormone secretion. These tumors primarily arise from Kulchitsky cells in the bronchial mucosa and do not cause endocrine-related symptoms, such as those seen in functional NETs. They are often
Nonfunctional neuroendocrine tumor: Nonfunctional neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) of gastrointestinal origin are a subset of rare neoplasms arising from neuroendocrine cells scattered throughout the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Unlike their functional counterparts, these tumors do not secrete hormones in quantities sufficient to cause clinical symptoms of hormone excess. As a result, they are often diagnosed incidentally or
Non Small Cell Lung Cancer with KRAS G12C Mutation: Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounts for approximately 85% of all lung cancer diagnoses globally. It includes subtypes such as adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and large cell carcinoma. Among the many genetic alterations associated with NSCLC, mutations in the KRAS gene have emerged as both common
Non Small Cell Lung Cancer with EGFR Exon 21 L858R: Non small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounts for approximately 85% of all lung cancer cases. It encompasses a group of lung cancers, including adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and large cell carcinoma. A significant number of NSCLC patients present with specific genetic alterations, among which mutations
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) exon 20 insertion mutations represents a biologically distinct subset of lung adenocarcinoma, accounting for approximately 4% to 12% of EGFR-mutated NSCLC cases. Unlike classical sensitizing mutations such as exon 19 deletions and L858R, exon 20 insertions are often resistant to first- and second-generation EGFR