Ophthalmia neonatorum, also known as neonatal conjunctivitis, is a form of eye infection occurring within the first 28 days of life. It is characterized by inflammation of the conjunctiva—the clear membrane lining the eyelids and covering the white part of the eyes. This condition demands immediate medical attention due to the risk of corneal damage
Open-angle glaucoma, also known as primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG), is a chronic, progressive optic neuropathy characterized by increased intraocular pressure (IOP) and subsequent damage to the optic nerve. It is the most prevalent form of glaucoma, accounting for approximately 90% of all glaucoma cases worldwide. Despite its prevalence, POAG is often termed the “silent thief
Onchocerciasis, commonly referred to as river blindness, is a neglected tropical disease (NTD) caused by the filarial parasitic worm Onchocerca volvulus. It is transmitted to humans through the bite of infected blackflies (Simulium species), which breed near fast-flowing rivers and streams—hence the term “river blindness.” The disease predominantly affects sub-Saharan Africa, but cases also exist
Oligodendroglioma is a rare, slow-growing primary brain tumor originating from oligodendrocytes—the glial cells responsible for producing myelin in the central nervous system. These tumors are classified under diffuse gliomas, accounting for approximately 5–15% of all gliomas, and predominantly affect adults between the ages of 30 and 50. The World Health Organization (WHO) recognizes two grades
Oligoarticular juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is the most common subtype of juvenile idiopathic arthritis, a chronic autoimmune disorder affecting children under the age of 16. Defined by the involvement of four or fewer joints within the first six months of disease onset, oligoarticular JIA is further classified into persistent and extended forms based on disease
Ocular Surface Squamous Neoplasia (OSSN) encompasses a spectrum of dysplastic and neoplastic lesions of the conjunctiva and cornea, ranging from mild epithelial dysplasia to invasive squamous cell carcinoma. OSSN is the most common non-pigmented malignancy of the ocular surface and is increasingly diagnosed globally due to improved clinical awareness and diagnostic tools. Epidemiology and Risk
Proopiomelanocortin (POMC) deficiency is a rare form of monogenic obesity characterized by early-onset severe obesity, adrenal insufficiency, and red hair pigmentation in most cases. The disorder stems from biallelic mutations in the POMC gene, disrupting the hypothalamic melanocortin pathway that regulates appetite and energy expenditure. Recognizing and treating this condition early is crucial for improving
Nosocomial Pneumonia Due to Streptococcus pneumoniae: Nosocomial pneumonia, commonly referred to as hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP), is an infection of the lung parenchyma that occurs 48 hours or more after hospital admission and was not incubating at the time of admission. Among the microbial agents responsible, Streptococcus pneumoniae stands out as a significant etiological agent, especially
Nosocomial Pneumonia Due to Serratia marcescens: Nosocomial pneumonia, also referred to as hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP), is a serious and potentially fatal infection occurring 48 hours or more after hospital admission. Among its causative agents, Serratia marcescens, a gram-negative, facultative anaerobic bacillus from the Enterobacteriaceae family, poses a growing clinical challenge due to its ability to
Nosocomial Pneumonia Due to Klebsiella pneumoniae: Klebsiella pneumoniae, a gram-negative, encapsulated bacillus, represents one of the most formidable pathogens implicated in nosocomial pneumonia. It is a leading cause of hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP) and ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP), particularly in critically ill and immunocompromised individuals. The organism’s ability to rapidly acquire multidrug resistance (MDR) and produce carbapenemases