Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI), commonly referred to as brittle bone disease, is a rare, inherited connective tissue disorder characterized by extreme bone fragility, recurrent fractures, and skeletal deformities. It results primarily from mutations in genes responsible for the production of type I collagen, a key structural protein in bone, skin, and other tissues. The condition varies
Osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee is a degenerative joint disease characterized by the progressive breakdown of articular cartilage, subchondral bone remodeling, and inflammation of the synovium. As the most common form of arthritis affecting the knee joint, OA leads to pain, stiffness, swelling, and functional limitations, especially in older adults. The condition often worsens over
Oropharyngeal candidiasis, also referred to as oral thrush, is a fungal infection of the oral cavity and pharynx, primarily caused by the opportunistic yeast Candida albicans. It manifests as white or creamy plaques on the tongue, inner cheeks, and throat, and is often associated with discomfort, altered taste, and in severe cases, difficulty swallowing. This
Ornithine carbamoyltransferase deficiency (OTC deficiency) is a rare X-linked urea cycle disorder resulting from a mutation in the OTC gene, which encodes the mitochondrial enzyme ornithine transcarbamylase. This enzyme plays a pivotal role in the urea cycle, responsible for eliminating excess nitrogen by converting ammonia to urea. A deficiency leads to toxic accumulation of ammonia,
Behçet’s disease is a rare, chronic, multisystemic inflammatory disorder characterized by recurrent oral ulcers, genital lesions, ocular inflammation, and systemic involvement. One of the earliest and most consistent features of Behçet’s disease is the presence of recurrent oral aphthous ulcers, which often serve as the initial clinical manifestation. These ulcers are not merely superficial irritations
Oral candidiasis, commonly referred to as oral thrush, is a fungal infection in the oral cavity caused predominantly by Candida albicans. It manifests as white, creamy patches on the tongue, inner cheeks, palate, and throat. While often benign, the infection can become persistent or invasive in immunocompromised individuals or those with underlying health conditions. Timely
Opisthorchiasis is a significant parasitic infection caused by trematodes, primarily Opisthorchis viverrini and Opisthorchis felineus. These liver flukes inhabit the bile ducts of humans and can cause severe hepatobiliary diseases, including cholangitis, cholecystitis, gallstones, and cholangiocarcinoma. Endemic in parts of Southeast Asia and Eastern Europe, opisthorchiasis poses a major public health challenge due to its
Opioid Use Disorder (OUD) is a chronic, relapsing medical condition characterized by the compulsive use of opioids despite harmful consequences. It involves both physical dependence and behavioral addiction. The disorder spans across the misuse of prescription opioids such as oxycodone, morphine, and hydrocodone, as well as illicit substances like heroin and synthetic opioids, including fentanyl.
The global opioid crisis has emerged as a significant public health emergency. Opioid overdose, a leading cause of preventable death, results from the excessive consumption of opioid drugs, which suppress the central nervous system—particularly the respiratory centers in the brainstem. Prompt recognition, timely intervention, and strategic prevention measures are essential in reducing mortality and long-term
Ophthalmia sympathetic, medically termed sympathetic ophthalmia, is a rare but serious bilateral granulomatous uveitis that occurs after penetrating trauma or intraocular surgery in one eye. The condition may lead to vision loss in both eyes if not identified and managed promptly. The unaffected eye, known as the sympathizing eye, becomes inflamed due to an autoimmune