Pemphigus vulgaris (PV) is a rare, potentially life-threatening autoimmune disorder marked by the formation of flaccid blisters and painful erosions on the skin and mucous membranes. It results from autoantibodies directed against desmoglein 3 and, in some cases, desmoglein 1 — essential adhesion molecules within the desmosomes of epithelial cells. The consequent loss of cohesion
Pemphigus encompasses a group of rare, chronic autoimmune blistering diseases affecting the skin and mucous membranes. It is characterized by the production of autoantibodies directed against desmosomal proteins, essential for keratinocyte adhesion. The resulting acantholysis leads to intraepidermal blister formation, erosions, and significant morbidity if untreated. Types of Pemphigus: Clinical Variants and Their Distinctions Pemphigus
Pemphigoid refers to a group of rare autoimmune blistering skin diseases characterized by subepidermal blister formation. These disorders arise when the immune system produces autoantibodies that mistakenly target the skin’s basement membrane, leading to inflammation and separation of the epidermis from the dermis. The disease predominantly affects older adults and can present with varying severity
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) is a severe, ascending infection of the female reproductive tract primarily affecting the uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries. Among the pathogens responsible, Neisseria gonorrhoeae remains a leading cause of PID, contributing to considerable reproductive morbidity worldwide. As a sexually transmitted pathogen, N. gonorrhoeae initiates mucosal inflammation that may rapidly progress to
Pelvic cellulitis is a serious bacterial infection that affects the soft tissues within the pelvic region. It involves the subcutaneous tissue and dermis, and may extend deeper into surrounding organs or tissues if left untreated. This condition most frequently arises as a complication of gynecological procedures, postpartum infections, or pelvic surgeries. Rapid medical intervention is
A pelvic abscess is a localized collection of pus within the pelvic cavity, often resulting from a bacterial infection that has spread or remained untreated. This condition can lead to life-threatening complications if not promptly diagnosed and treated. It typically occurs as a sequel to pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), gastrointestinal perforation, or post-surgical infections. Pathophysiology
Pellagra is a nutritional disorder resulting from a deficiency of niacin (vitamin B3) or its precursor tryptophan. Historically referred to as the “disease of the four Ds”—dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia, and death—pellagra remains a public health concern in regions where diets lack sufficient niacin-rich foods or where chronic illnesses interfere with nutrient absorption. Understanding the Role
Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) represents a predominant histological subtype of esophageal cancer, particularly in high-incidence regions across Asia and parts of Africa. It arises from the squamous epithelial lining and is frequently associated with tobacco use, alcohol consumption, dietary factors, and chronic esophageal irritation. The Role of PD-L1 in ESCC Programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1)
Paucibacillary leprosy (PB leprosy) is a clinically and microbiologically distinct form of Hansen’s disease characterized by a limited number of skin lesions and low bacterial load. Recognizing this presentation promptly and managing it effectively is critical to halting transmission, preventing disability, and ensuring early cure. Overview of Leprosy and Its Classification Leprosy, caused by Mycobacterium
Pasteurellosis is a zoonotic infection primarily caused by Pasteurella multocida, a Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic coccobacillus. This bacterium is part of the normal flora in the upper respiratory tract and oral cavity of many domestic and wild animals. The infection can affect both humans and animals, presenting in a variety of forms ranging from mild localized