Vulvar cancer is a rare but serious form of cancer that affects the external female genitalia. A significant proportion of vulvar cancer cases are attributed to persistent infection with high-risk types of the human papillomavirus (HPV), particularly HPV-16 and HPV-18. These oncogenic strains lead to cellular changes in the vulvar epithelium, increasing the risk of
Vaginal cancer is a rare but serious malignancy of the female reproductive tract. A significant proportion of these cases are linked to persistent infection with high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) types, most notably HPV 16 and 18. These oncogenic strains are known to cause cellular changes in the vaginal epithelium, leading to vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia (VaIN),
Otitis media is one of the most prevalent pediatric infections globally, characterized by inflammation and fluid accumulation in the middle ear. The condition manifests through ear pain, fever, and sometimes hearing loss, often requiring medical intervention. Among its primary bacterial causes, Streptococcus pneumoniae—a gram-positive diplococcus—is responsible for a significant portion of acute otitis media (AOM)
Genital warts are among the most common sexually transmitted infections globally, primarily caused by low-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) types 6 and 11. These non-cancerous skin growths appear on or around the genital and anal areas and are highly contagious. Although not life-threatening, genital warts can lead to psychological distress, discomfort, and stigma. HPV vaccination offers
Cervical cancer remains one of the leading causes of cancer-related mortality among women globally. The principal causative agent is persistent infection with high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) types, particularly HPV-16 and HPV-18, which together account for approximately 70% of cervical cancer cases. HPV infects epithelial cells of the cervix, leading to a gradual progression from low-grade
Anal cancer is a relatively rare yet increasingly prevalent malignancy, with human papillomavirus (HPV) infection recognized as the primary etiological factor. Over 90% of anal cancer cases are associated with persistent infection by high-risk HPV types, particularly HPV-16 and HPV-18. The virus infects the squamous epithelium of the anal canal, where it may induce cellular
Uveal melanoma (UM) is the most common primary intraocular malignancy in adults, originating from melanocytes within the uveal tract, which includes the iris, ciliary body, and choroid. Despite successful local tumor control in over 90% of cases through radiation or surgical resection, up to 50% of patients eventually develop metastases, primarily to the liver. Prognosis
Ureaplasma urealyticum infection is a sexually transmitted, opportunistic infection caused by Ureaplasma urealyticum, a species of the Mycoplasmataceae family. This microorganism lacks a cell wall, making it resistant to beta-lactam antibiotics and invisible on standard Gram stain. While often asymptomatic in healthy individuals, it can cause severe genitourinary and systemic complications in both men and
Ureaplasma pneumonia represents an uncommon yet clinically significant respiratory infection primarily caused by Ureaplasma urealyticum or Ureaplasma parvum. These organisms, members of the Mycoplasmataceae family, are atypical bacteria that lack a cell wall, leading to unique diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. Though commonly colonizing the urogenital tract, Ureaplasma species can invade the lower respiratory tract, particularly
Urate renal calculi, commonly referred to as uric acid kidney stones, are crystalline deposits formed within the renal system due to elevated uric acid concentration in the urine. These stones are typically radiolucent, acid-soluble, and frequently associated with persistently acidic urinary pH, hyperuricemia, and increased purine metabolism. Effective management of urate calculi involves precise diagnosis,