it is commonly known as whooping cough, is a highly contagious respiratory infection caused by Bordetella pertussis. This bacterial illness is characterized by severe coughing fits followed by a high-pitched “whoop” sound during inhalation. While it can affect individuals of all ages, infants under one year are at the highest risk of complications and mortality.
Pernicious anemia is a form of megaloblastic anemia resulting from vitamin B12 deficiency due to impaired absorption in the gastrointestinal tract. It is classified as an autoimmune condition in which the body fails to produce intrinsic factor, a protein essential for vitamin B12 absorption in the ileum. Left untreated, pernicious anemia can lead to irreversible
Peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL) refers to a diverse group of rare and aggressive non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHL) derived from mature T-lymphocytes. Unlike B-cell lymphomas, PTCLs exhibit complex clinical behaviors and are frequently associated with poor prognosis due to late-stage detection and limited response to conventional therapies. Accounting for approximately 10–15% of all NHLs in Western populations,
Peripheral arterial occlusive disease (PAOD), also referred to as peripheral artery disease (PAD), is a chronic circulatory condition characterized by narrowed arteries that reduce blood flow to the limbs, most commonly the legs. PAOD is a manifestation of systemic atherosclerosis, often affecting the lower extremities due to plaque buildup in peripheral arteries. This results in
Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease affecting the supportive structures of the teeth, including the gingiva, periodontal ligament, cementum, and alveolar bone. Originating from untreated gingivitis, it leads to progressive tissue destruction, tooth mobility, and eventual tooth loss if not adequately managed. This severe gum infection is not only a dental concern but also a
Periodontal infection refers to the inflammatory condition affecting the supporting structures of the teeth, including the gums, periodontal ligament, and alveolar bone. This infection progresses from gingivitis to periodontitis when left untreated, often resulting in tooth mobility, bone loss, and even tooth loss in advanced stages. Etiology of Periodontal Infection Bacterial Pathogenesis The primary cause
Peptostreptococcus species are anaerobic, gram-positive cocci commonly found as part of the normal flora in the oral cavity, gastrointestinal tract, and female genital tract. Despite their commensal nature, these organisms can become opportunistic pathogens, particularly in the anaerobic environments created by pelvic infections. In pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), Peptostreptococcus spp. play a crucial role in
Peptostreptococcus species are anaerobic, gram-positive cocci that naturally inhabit the female genital tract, gastrointestinal system, and oral cavity. While generally harmless in their native environments, they become significant pathogens when they gain access to normally sterile pelvic tissues. Infections involving Peptostreptococcus spp., particularly pelvic cellulitis, are often polymicrobial and can result in severe complications if
Peptostreptococcus species are anaerobic, gram-positive cocci that form part of the normal flora of the mouth, gastrointestinal tract, and genitourinary system. While typically non-pathogenic in their natural environment, these bacteria can become opportunistic pathogens, particularly in anaerobic conditions associated with tissue necrosis or poor vascular supply. In osteomyelitis, their presence is rare but clinically significant.
Peptostreptococcus joint infection, a rare but significant cause of septic arthritis, arises from the infiltration of anaerobic gram-positive cocci into the synovial cavity. As a member of the commensal flora of the skin, gastrointestinal, and urogenital tracts, Peptostreptococcus spp. becomes pathogenic when introduced into sterile environments such as the synovial joint space, particularly following trauma,