Prevotella species, a group of gram-negative anaerobic bacteria, are increasingly implicated in postoperative gynecologic infections. Commonly found as commensals in the oral cavity, gastrointestinal tract, and female genital tract, they become pathogenic in surgical settings where mucosal barriers are breached. Among them, Prevotella bivia and Prevotella disiens are notably involved in pelvic infections post-gynecologic surgery,
Postoperative gynecologic infections are significant complications following pelvic surgeries, such as hysterectomies, cesarean sections, and laparoscopic procedures. Anaerobic bacteria, including the Porphyromonas genus—particularly Porphyromonas asaccharolytica and Porphyromonas endodontalis—have emerged as critical pathogens in these infections. These organisms, normally present in mucosal surfaces, become opportunistic pathogens in the altered surgical environment, posing serious risks to patient
Postoperative gynecologic infections are serious complications that can arise after procedures such as hysterectomy, cesarean delivery, myomectomy, or laparoscopic pelvic surgeries. One of the most prevalent anaerobic pathogens implicated in such infections is the genus Bacteroides, particularly Bacteroides fragilis. These bacteria, part of the normal vaginal and intestinal flora, can become pathogenic when translocated into
Post-menopausal osteoporosis is a progressive bone disease characterized by decreased bone mass and structural deterioration, primarily caused by the sharp decline in estrogen levels following menopause. This condition increases the risk of fractures, especially of the hip, spine, and wrist, significantly impacting morbidity and mortality in older women. The Role of Estrogen in Bone Integrity
Anthrax is a serious zoonotic disease caused by Bacillus anthracis, a spore-forming, Gram-positive bacterium. Human infection typically occurs through contact with infected animals or their by-products or through deliberate biological exposure. The inhalational form is the most lethal, and post-exposure prevention measures are critical to reduce mortality following suspected or confirmed exposure. Transmission and Types
Post-traumatic osteoarthritis (PTOA) is a chronic, degenerative joint condition that develops following a traumatic injury to a joint. Unlike primary osteoarthritis, which typically arises from age-related wear and tear, PTOA results directly from physical damage, such as fractures, ligament tears, or cartilage injuries. It most commonly affects weight-bearing joints like the knee, ankle, hip, and
Porphyria cutanea tarda (PCT) is the most prevalent form of hepatic porphyria, a group of metabolic disorders resulting from enzyme deficiencies in the heme biosynthetic pathway. PCT is specifically caused by a deficiency in uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase (UROD), leading to the accumulation of porphyrins in the liver and skin. The condition is marked by photosensitivity, resulting
Polymyositis is a chronic inflammatory myopathy that primarily targets skeletal muscles, leading to progressive muscle weakness. As an autoimmune disorder, it arises when the immune system mistakenly attacks muscle fibers, particularly those closest to the trunk such as the shoulders, hips, neck, and thighs. It belongs to a group of disorders known as idiopathic inflammatory
Polyarticular juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is a chronic autoimmune condition affecting five or more joints during the first six months of disease onset in children under 16 years. This subtype of JIA resembles adult rheumatoid arthritis and is characterized by persistent joint inflammation, stiffness, and pain, potentially leading to joint damage if untreated. There are
Polyarteritis nodosa (PAN) is a rare, systemic necrotizing vasculitis that primarily affects medium-sized muscular arteries. It results in inflammation and damage to vessel walls, leading to aneurysm formation, thrombosis, ischemia, and organ dysfunction. Unlike other vasculitides, PAN does not involve arterioles, capillaries, or venules, and typically spares the lungs. Etiology and Pathogenesis of PAN Underlying