Neutropenia is a significant and potentially life-threatening complication of cancer chemotherapy, characterized by a reduction in absolute neutrophil count (ANC), thereby compromising the body’s ability to combat infections. The condition is most commonly observed within 7 to 14 days after cytotoxic treatment, with severity classified as: If neutropenia is accompanied by fever (≥38.3°C once or
Neonatal ophthalmia, also known as ophthalmia neonatorum, is an acute conjunctival infection occurring within the first 28 days of life. The condition is predominantly caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, and less frequently, herpes simplex virus and bacterial flora from the birth canal. Without prompt intervention, ophthalmia neonatorum can lead to corneal ulceration, blindness, and
Group B Streptococcus (Streptococcus agalactiae, GBS) is a leading cause of severe infections in newborns, including sepsis, pneumonia, and meningitis. GBS is typically found in the lower gastrointestinal and genitourinary tracts of healthy adults and may be vertically transmitted from mother to child during labor or delivery. Two clinical forms are recognized: Effective prevention of
Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) refers to a group of nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM), including Mycobacterium avium and Mycobacterium intracellulare. These organisms are commonly found in the environment—particularly in water, soil, and dust—and are opportunistic pathogens. While MAC rarely causes illness in individuals with healthy immune systems, it poses significant risk to immunocompromised populations, particularly those with
Muscle cramps linked to heat exhaustion, commonly referred to as heat cramps, are painful, involuntary muscle spasms occurring during or after intense physical activity in hot conditions. They typically affect major muscle groups such as the calves, thighs, and shoulders. These cramps signal early-stage heat illness and indicate electrolyte imbalance due to excessive sweating. Prompt
Meningococcal meningitis is a severe bacterial infection caused by Neisseria meningitidis, which inflames the protective membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord. Despite advancements in treatment, the disease poses a high risk of mortality and long-term complications if not prevented effectively. Outbreaks occur globally, particularly in areas with limited access to vaccines and healthcare infrastructure.
Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) is a life-threatening fungal infection predominantly affecting immunocompromised individuals, particularly those with hematologic malignancies, prolonged neutropenia, or solid organ transplants. Effective prevention of IPA is vital in reducing morbidity and mortality among these vulnerable patient groups. Understanding Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis and Its Risk Profile IPA is caused by Aspergillus species, ubiquitous
Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) is a significant cause of bacterial meningitis, pneumonia, epiglottitis, and septicemia in young children. Although largely preventable through vaccination, gaps in coverage, surveillance, and awareness persist globally. This article provides an in-depth overview of evidence-based measures to prevent Hib disease, with emphasis on immunization programs, public health infrastructure, and clinical
Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) remains a significant complication following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Effective prevention is critical to improving transplant outcomes and minimizing morbidity and mortality. This article outlines current evidence-based strategies for GVHD prevention, including pharmacologic prophylaxis, donor selection, cellular manipulation, and risk-adapted approaches. Understanding the Pathogenesis of GVHD GVHD arises when immunocompetent
Dental caries, commonly referred to as tooth decay, remains one of the most prevalent chronic diseases globally. As a multifactorial condition involving diet, oral bacteria, saliva, and host factors, effective prevention of dental caries necessitates an integrated approach. This guide outlines proven, evidence-based practices for individuals and healthcare professionals seeking to minimize caries risk and