Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is a vasoproliferative disorder of the retina that primarily affects premature infants with low birth weight. Characterized by abnormal development of retinal blood vessels, ROP can lead to retinal detachment and blindness if untreated. With improvements in neonatal care, ROP has become a leading cause of preventable childhood blindness worldwide. Pathophysiology:
Retinoblastoma is a rare but aggressive malignant tumor that originates in the retina, primarily affecting infants and young children. It represents the most common primary intraocular cancer in childhood and demands swift intervention to preserve both vision and life. Early diagnosis, genetic counseling, and targeted treatment have significantly improved outcomes in recent decades. Genetic Origins
Medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) is a rare malignancy arising from parafollicular C-cells of the thyroid, accounting for approximately 3–4% of all thyroid cancers. RET mutations are a defining molecular feature in both hereditary and a significant subset of sporadic MTC cases. RET-mutant MTC is characterized by constitutive activation of the RET proto-oncogene, leading to dysregulated
RET (REarranged during Transfection) gene fusions are oncogenic drivers identified across various solid tumor types. These fusions result in a chimeric oncoprotein combining the RET tyrosine kinase domain with a partner gene, promoting constitutive kinase activation and unregulated cell growth. RET fusions have been detected in: RET fusion-positive tumors often exhibit aggressive behavior but are
RET fusion-positive thyroid cancer represents a distinct molecular subset of differentiated thyroid cancers, predominantly papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) and poorly differentiated thyroid carcinoma (PDTC). RET (rearranged during transfection) is a proto-oncogene encoding a receptor tyrosine kinase involved in cell proliferation and survival. RET fusions occur when the RET kinase domain becomes aberrantly activated through fusion
RET (Rearranged during Transfection) fusion-positive metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) represents a rare but clinically significant molecular subset of lung adenocarcinoma. RET gene fusions result from chromosomal rearrangements that juxtapose the RET tyrosine kinase domain to partner genes such as KIF5B, CCDC6, or NCOA4, leading to aberrant activation of oncogenic signaling pathways. RET fusion
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a major cause of lower respiratory tract infections globally, particularly in infants, older adults, and immunocompromised individuals. Among the most severe complications of RSV is RSV pneumonia, a viral lung infection marked by inflammation and fluid accumulation in the alveoli, leading to impaired gas exchange. RSV pneumonia contributes to significant
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a highly contagious virus that causes infections in the respiratory tract. It is one of the leading causes of bronchiolitis and pneumonia in infants and young children worldwide, but it can also severely affect older adults and immunocompromised individuals. RSV spreads easily through respiratory droplets and contaminated surfaces, peaking during
Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) in the newborn, also known as hyaline membrane disease, is a serious condition primarily affecting premature infants. It results from a deficiency of pulmonary surfactant, a crucial substance that prevents alveolar collapse by reducing surface tension within the lungs. Without adequate surfactant, newborns experience impaired gas exchange, leading to respiratory failure
Respiratory cystic fibrosis (CF) is a severe, inherited disorder that primarily affects the lungs and respiratory system. This genetic condition leads to the production of thick, sticky mucus that clogs airways, creating a fertile ground for chronic infections and progressive respiratory decline. Early diagnosis and comprehensive treatment are crucial in managing symptoms and enhancing the