Measles is a highly contagious viral illness caused by the Measles morbillivirus, known for its airborne transmission and rapid outbreak potential. Despite being vaccine-preventable, measles continues to pose significant global health risks, particularly in populations with low immunization coverage. Understanding the dynamics of exposure and implementing robust preventive strategies is crucial in reducing infection rates.
Right-sided Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis is a serious and increasingly prevalent form of infective endocarditis, primarily affecting the tricuspid valve. It is particularly associated with intravenous drug use (IVDU), indwelling catheters, and prosthetic cardiac devices. The pathogenicity of S. aureus, especially methicillin-resistant strains (MRSA), results in rapid valve destruction, septic embolization, and significant morbidity if untreated.
Rickettsialpox is an acute, self-limiting zoonotic disease caused by Rickettsia akari, a member of the spotted fever group (SFG) of Rickettsiae. It is transmitted to humans by the bite of infected mites—primarily the house mouse mite (Liponyssoides sanguineus). Despite its rarity, rickettsialpox remains a notable example of an urban rickettsial disease and is endemic in
Rickettsial infection refers to a group of zoonotic diseases caused by obligate intracellular Gram-negative bacteria of the genus Rickettsia and related organisms. These pathogens are primarily transmitted to humans through vectors such as ticks, fleas, lice, and mites. The diseases can range from mild febrile illnesses to severe, life-threatening conditions. Classification and Types of Rickettsial
Riboflavin, also known as vitamin B2, is a water-soluble vitamin critical to numerous cellular processes. It acts as a precursor to flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), both essential coenzymes in redox reactions, energy production, and metabolism of fats, drugs, and steroids. Riboflavin also supports the maintenance of healthy mucous membranes, skin, eyes,
Rhinitis is the inflammation of the nasal mucosa, a condition characterized by symptoms such as nasal congestion, rhinorrhea (runny nose), sneezing, and itching. This widespread condition can be acute or chronic, allergic or non-allergic, and it significantly impacts quality of life and productivity. Prompt recognition and tailored management are essential for effective symptom control. Classification
Treating rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in patients with an elevated risk of gastric ulcers presents a significant clinical challenge. These patients require anti-inflammatory therapy to control autoimmune joint inflammation while minimizing the gastrointestinal (GI) complications frequently associated with conventional treatment options. Effective management requires a tailored approach that balances disease control with gastroprotection. Pathophysiology of RA
Rheumatic fever (RF) is a serious inflammatory condition that arises as a delayed autoimmune response to untreated or inadequately treated Group A streptococcal (GAS) pharyngitis. Despite being entirely preventable, it remains a global health burden, particularly in low-resource settings. Preventive measures, when implemented systematically, are highly effective in reducing the incidence of rheumatic fever and
Rheumatic fever is an autoimmune inflammatory disease that can develop after an untreated or inadequately treated Group A streptococcal (GAS) pharyngitis, commonly known as strep throat. It primarily affects children aged 5 to 15 years and is a leading cause of acquired heart disease in young individuals worldwide. Rheumatic fever is most prevalent in low-
Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is a malignant tumor originating from skeletal muscle progenitors. It predominantly affects children and adolescents but can also occur in adults. As the most common soft tissue sarcoma in the pediatric population, RMS presents unique challenges in diagnosis and management.​ Epidemiology and Risk Factors RMS accounts for approximately 5% of all childhood cancers