Vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC), commonly referred to as a vaginal yeast infection, is a fungal infection of the vulva and vagina, predominantly caused by Candida albicans. It is one of the most frequent gynecological conditions, affecting up to 75% of women at least once in their lifetime. Although generally not life-threatening, VVC significantly impacts quality of
Von Willebrand’s disease (vWD) is the most common inherited bleeding disorder, caused by a deficiency or dysfunction of von Willebrand factor (vWF), a crucial protein involved in blood clotting. Unlike hemophilia, which primarily affects males, vWD affects both genders equally and can vary in severity from mild to life-threatening. Understanding the Role of von Willebrand
Vitiligo is a long-term dermatological condition characterized by the progressive loss of skin pigmentation, resulting in white patches due to the destruction or dysfunction of melanocytes—the cells responsible for melanin production. This condition can affect any part of the body and occurs across all skin types, although it is more noticeable in individuals with darker
Vitamin K deficiency-induced hypoprothrombinemia is a coagulopathy resulting from impaired synthesis of vitamin K-dependent clotting factors—primarily prothrombin (Factor II). This disorder is characterized by a marked prolongation of the prothrombin time (PT) and heightened bleeding risk. As vitamin K plays a critical role in the carboxylation of several clotting factors, any disruption in its availability
Vitamin deficiency prevention is a cornerstone of public health and individual well-being. Adequate vitamin intake ensures proper metabolic functioning, supports immune defense, promotes healthy growth, and prevents chronic diseases. We must adopt preventive measures that are sustainable, evidence-based, and tailored to individual nutritional needs. Understanding the Role of Vitamins in Health Vitamins are essential micronutrients
Vitamin A deficiency (VAD) is a major public health issue, especially in low- and middle-income countries. This fat-soluble vitamin is essential for maintaining healthy vision, supporting immune function, and facilitating proper cellular communication. Insufficient intake or absorption leads to a range of clinical conditions, most notably affecting children and pregnant women. Biological Role of Vitamin
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL), also known as kala-azar, is a life-threatening parasitic disease caused primarily by Leishmania donovani and transmitted through the bite of infected female Phlebotomus sandflies. It affects internal organs such as the liver, spleen, and bone marrow and is one of the most severe forms of leishmaniasis, demanding immediate medical attention. Global Epidemiology
Viral infections are caused by microscopic agents known as viruses, which invade living cells to replicate and cause disease. Unlike bacteria, viruses cannot survive or multiply outside a host organism, making them parasitic by nature. Viral infections range in severity from mild to life-threatening and can affect various systems in the human body, including the
Verruca plantaris, commonly referred to as plantar warts, is a type of benign skin lesion caused by infection with the human papillomavirus (HPV). Unlike other warts, these appear on the sole (plantar surface) of the foot and are subject to constant pressure, which causes them to grow inward rather than outward. This inward growth often
Ventricular tachycardia (VT) is a potentially life-threatening cardiac arrhythmia originating from the ventricles, defined by a heart rate exceeding 100 beats per minute and typically presenting with three or more consecutive ventricular beats. Its prompt identification and management are critical, especially in structurally abnormal hearts. Types of Ventricular Tachycardia Monomorphic Ventricular Tachycardia This form displays