Single lesion paucibacillary (SLPB) leprosy is a distinct clinical presentation of Hansen’s disease characterized by a solitary skin lesion with no detectable bacilli on slit-skin smear microscopy. As a subset of paucibacillary leprosy, it falls under the World Health Organization’s (WHO) classification used for simplified treatment and control. This form is most often associated with
Sickle cell disease (SCD) with crisis represents the acute, life-threatening episodes that occur in individuals with SCD, often requiring urgent medical intervention. These crises are primarily caused by vascular occlusion due to abnormally shaped red blood cells obstructing blood flow. The two most severe forms are vaso-occlusive crisis (VOC) and acute chest syndrome (ACS), though
Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a group of inherited red blood cell disorders caused by a mutation in the HBB gene leading to the production of abnormal hemoglobin known as hemoglobin S. This mutation causes red blood cells to assume a rigid, sickle-like shape, impairing their ability to transport oxygen efficiently and leading to recurrent
Shy-Drager Syndrome, now more commonly referred to as Multiple System Atrophy (MSA), is a rare, progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by a combination of autonomic dysfunction, parkinsonism, and cerebellar ataxia. Initially described in the 1960s by Drs. Milton Shy and Glenn Drager, the condition has since been reclassified under the umbrella of MSA due to overlapping
Sheep liver fluke infection, scientifically termed fasciolosis, is a parasitic disease caused by the trematode Fasciola hepatica. This flatworm primarily affects the liver and bile ducts of sheep and other ruminants, causing considerable economic loss in the livestock industry. The condition is globally prevalent, especially in regions with wet pastures that support the intermediate snail
Sézary disease, also referred to as Sézary syndrome, is a rare and aggressive leukemic variant of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL). This hematologic malignancy is marked by the presence of malignant T-lymphocytes—called Sézary cells—in the skin, lymph nodes, and peripheral blood. Distinguished from its less aggressive counterpart, mycosis fungoides, Sézary disease features systemic involvement and diffuse
Sexually transmitted epididymo-orchitis is an inflammatory condition involving the epididymis and testicle, typically caused by sexually transmitted infections (STIs) such as Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae. It primarily affects sexually active men under 35 years of age and represents a urologic emergency requiring prompt recognition and management to prevent complications such as infertility or abscess
Severe thrombocytopenia in refractory chronic immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) represents a challenging clinical entity marked by persistent low platelet counts, often <30×10⁹/L, despite multiple lines of therapy. Refractory ITP is diagnosed when patients fail to respond to splenectomy or exhibit ongoing bleeding risk due to severely depressed platelet levels. This condition necessitates personalized, multi-modal treatment
Severe pre-eclampsia is a life-threatening hypertensive disorder of pregnancy, typically emerging after 20 weeks of gestation. Characterized by sustained high blood pressure (≥160/110 mmHg) and evidence of end-organ dysfunction, it presents a critical threat to maternal and fetal health. Unlike mild forms, severe pre-eclampsia demands immediate and aggressive intervention to prevent progression to eclampsia, HELLP
Severe persistent asthma is the most critical classification within the asthma spectrum, marked by chronic, unrelenting symptoms that are poorly controlled despite high-dose medications. These patients often experience daily symptoms, frequent nighttime awakenings, and significant limitations in daily activities. Lung function tests typically reveal forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV₁) below 60% of predicted