Subependymal giant cell astrocytomas (SEGAs) are rare, slow-growing brain tumors typically associated with tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC). TSC is a genetic disorder characterized by the growth of benign tumors in various organs, most notably in the brain, kidneys, heart, and skin. SEGAs represent one of the most common brain tumor types found in patients with
Subcorneal pustular dermatosis (SPD), a rare and chronic skin disorder, is characterized by the presence of sterile pustules beneath the outermost layer of the skin. This condition typically presents with localized or generalized eruptions of blisters that resemble pustular psoriasis or other skin rashes. Although it may initially appear similar to other dermatological disorders, SPD
Subarachnoid intracranial hemorrhage (SAH) is a rare but serious condition in which bleeding occurs in the subarachnoid space, the area between the brain and the thin tissues covering it. This type of hemorrhage can lead to severe complications, including brain injury, coma, or even death, making early detection and treatment crucial. Understanding the causes, symptoms,
Struvite renal calculi, also known as magnesium ammonium phosphate stones, are a specific type of kidney stone formed in response to urinary tract infections (UTIs) caused by certain bacteria. These stones are typically large, irregularly shaped, and can cause significant discomfort and complications if left untreated. Struvite stones are unique in their ability to form
Strongyloidiasis is a parasitic infection caused by the nematode Strongyloides stercoralis, a roundworm that primarily affects the human gastrointestinal system. This infection is a major concern in tropical and subtropical regions, although it can occur worldwide, particularly in individuals who live in or travel to endemic areas. The parasite can lead to a range of
Streptococcus pneumoniae (S. pneumoniae) is a leading bacterial pathogen responsible for severe respiratory infections, including pneumonia, bronchitis, and invasive diseases like meningitis and bacteremia. It poses a significant health risk, especially for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and individuals with chronic medical conditions. Vaccination against S. pneumoniae plays a critical role in
Chronic bronchitis, defined as a productive cough lasting for at least three months over two consecutive years, often results from persistent inflammation and microbial colonization of the airways. Among the most commonly implicated pathogens is Streptococcus pneumoniae, a Gram-positive, encapsulated bacterium that exacerbates chronic bronchial inflammation, particularly in patients with underlying chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Streptococcus pneumoniae bronchitis is a lower respiratory tract infection caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, a Gram-positive, alpha-hemolytic diplococcus. Though commonly associated with pneumonia and meningitis, this pathogen is also capable of inducing bronchial inflammation, particularly in vulnerable populations such as the elderly, immunocompromised individuals, and those with chronic pulmonary disease. The clinical course ranges from mild
Streptococcus pericarditis is an acute or subacute inflammation of the pericardial sac, caused by various Streptococcus species. Though rare in the antibiotic era, this form of bacterial pericarditis remains a critical and life-threatening condition if not promptly diagnosed and managed. The infection typically results in purulent pericardial effusion, rapid clinical deterioration, and potential progression to
Streptococcus osteomyelitis refers to a serious bacterial bone infection caused predominantly by species of Streptococcus, particularly Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A Streptococcus, GAS), Streptococcus agalactiae (Group B Streptococcus, GBS), and occasionally Streptococcus pneumoniae. While Staphylococcus aureus remains the most common causative organism of osteomyelitis, streptococcal species are increasingly recognized in both pediatric and adult populations, often