Tonic-clonic epilepsy, formerly referred to as grand mal epilepsy, is a type of generalized seizure disorder characterized by sudden loss of consciousness, violent muscle contractions, and convulsions. These seizures affect both hemispheres of the brain simultaneously and are considered one of the most recognizable forms of epilepsy. The condition can occur at any age and
Tinea versicolor, also known as pityriasis versicolor, is a chronic superficial fungal infection of the skin caused by the Malassezia species—a lipophilic yeast that is part of the normal skin flora. This condition leads to discolored patches on the skin, often resulting in cosmetic concerns, especially in individuals with darker skin tones or during warmer
Tinea pedis, commonly known as athlete’s foot, is a contagious fungal infection affecting the feet, particularly the interdigital spaces, soles, and sides. It is one of the most prevalent dermatophytoses worldwide, caused by fungi that thrive in warm, moist environments. Despite being treatable, it often recurs without proper management and hygiene. Etiology: What Causes Tinea
Tinea cruris, commonly known as jock itch, is a superficial fungal infection affecting the groin, inner thighs, and buttocks. Caused by dermatophyte fungi, this infection thrives in warm, moist environments and is particularly prevalent among men, athletes, and individuals living in tropical climates. It is highly contagious and can significantly impact quality of life if
Tinea corporis is a superficial dermatophyte infection of the glabrous (non-hairy) skin, excluding the scalp, groin, palms, and soles. Commonly known as ringworm of the body, this condition is characterized by annular, erythematous, and scaly plaques that typically expand outward. It is highly contagious and affects individuals of all age groups globally. Etiology: Understanding the
Tinea capitis is a contagious dermatophytic fungal infection of the scalp and hair shafts, primarily affecting children but occasionally seen in adults. It is caused by various species of Trichophyton and Microsporum and spreads through direct human-to-human, animal-to-human, or fomite transmission. Clinically, it manifests in various forms ranging from non-inflammatory scaly patches to severe inflammatory
Tinea barbae is a dermatophyte infection affecting the bearded regions of the face and neck. Predominantly seen in adult men, it is caused by a group of fungi known as dermatophytes, particularly species of Trichophyton and Microsporum. This condition often results from contact with infected animals or contaminated tools and surfaces. It presents in two
Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is a potentially severe viral infection of the central nervous system transmitted primarily through the bite of infected ticks, particularly of the Ixodes ricinus and Ixodes persulcatus species. TBE is endemic in parts of Europe and Asia, with increasing incidence linked to changing climate patterns and rising outdoor recreational activities. The TBE
Thyroid surgery, or thyroidectomy, involves the partial or complete removal of the thyroid gland. It is performed to treat a range of conditions including thyroid nodules, hyperthyroidism, goiter, and thyroid cancer. The decision to undergo surgery depends on the nature of the thyroid disorder, its progression, and associated symptoms. Common Indications for Thyroid Surgery Types
The thyroid gland is among the most radiation-sensitive organs in the human body. Even low doses of ionizing radiation can disrupt its function or increase the risk of thyroid malignancies, especially in children and young adults. With increasing exposure from medical imaging, nuclear incidents, and occupational hazards, it is essential to implement robust thyroid radiation