Health conditions and diseases starting with S. Understand symptoms, causes, and treatment options to make informed health choices.
Suprapubic pain, located just above the pubic bone in the lower abdomen, is a common but multifaceted symptom encountered in clinical practice. It may be acute or chronic, mild or severe, and its etiology can range from benign urinary tract infections to complex pelvic organ pathologies. Prompt identification of underlying causes is essential to prevent
The gag reflex, or pharyngeal reflex, is a normal protective response triggered by stimulation of the oropharyngeal region. While its purpose is to prevent aspiration, an overactive gag reflex can interfere significantly with dental, medical, and even speech-related procedures. Managing this reflex is essential in clinical settings, especially during dental impressions, endoscopic examinations, or prosthetic
Recurrent herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection, particularly HSV-2, poses a significant clinical burden in individuals with HIV. Due to the immunocompromised status in HIV-positive patients, HSV infections are more frequent, severe, and persistent. HSV coinfection also contributes to increased HIV viral load and transmission risk, necessitating a structured suppression strategy. Pathophysiology of HSV in HIV-Positive
Recurrent herpes simplex infection refers to the reactivation of latent herpes simplex virus (HSV), primarily types HSV-1 and HSV-2. Following the initial episode, the virus enters a latent state in sensory nerve ganglia and may reactivate periodically, leading to recurrent clinical or subclinical episodes. HSV-1 typically affects the orofacial region, while HSV-2 is more commonly
Superficial ocular infections are localized infections affecting the outermost layers of the eye and its adnexa, including the conjunctiva, corneal epithelium, eyelid margins, and lacrimal structures. These infections, while typically non-vision-threatening, can cause significant discomfort, photophobia, and irritation. Common superficial ocular infections include conjunctivitis, blepharitis, keratitis, and dacryocystitis, often resulting from bacterial, viral, fungal, or
Superficial basal cell carcinoma (sBCC) is the second most common subtype of basal cell carcinoma (BCC), the most prevalent form of skin cancer globally. Unlike nodular or infiltrative BCC, the superficial variant tends to present as flat, scaly patches, often resembling eczema or psoriasis, and primarily affects sun-exposed areas of the skin. Despite its slow
Sulfadiazine, a sulfonamide antimicrobial agent, is widely used in the treatment of various bacterial infections and toxoplasmosis, often in combination with pyrimethamine. Despite its therapeutic efficacy, sulfadiazine has a well-documented risk of toxicity, especially in patients with predisposing conditions. Sulfadiazine toxicity encompasses a broad range of adverse effects, ranging from mild hypersensitivity reactions to life-threatening
Schizophrenia, a severe mental health disorder characterized by distorted thinking, hallucinations, and delusions, is often accompanied by significant mood disturbances. One of the most concerning aspects of schizophrenia is the high prevalence of suicidal behavior among those affected. Suicidal thoughts and actions in schizophrenia pose a serious challenge for both patients and healthcare providers, as
Schizoaffective disorder (SAD) is a complex psychiatric condition that combines elements of schizophrenia and mood disorders such as bipolar disorder or depression. It is marked by psychotic symptoms, including hallucinations and delusions, alongside significant mood disturbances. One of the most concerning aspects of schizoaffective disorder is the heightened risk of suicidal behavior among affected individuals.
Subependymal giant cell astrocytomas (SEGAs) are rare, slow-growing brain tumors typically associated with tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC). TSC is a genetic disorder characterized by the growth of benign tumors in various organs, most notably in the brain, kidneys, heart, and skin. SEGAs represent one of the most common brain tumor types found in patients with