Health conditions and diseases starting with S. Understand symptoms, causes, and treatment options to make informed health choices.
Selective decontamination of the digestive tract (SDD) is an evidence-based prophylactic strategy designed to prevent nosocomial infections in critically ill patients, particularly those in intensive care units (ICUs). It involves the application of non-absorbable antibiotics to the oropharynx and gastrointestinal (GI) tract, often in combination with a short course of systemic antibiotics. SDD targets potentially
Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is a rare autosomal dominant genetic disorder characterized by the growth of benign tumors in multiple organ systems, including the brain. The central nervous system involvement, particularly cortical tubers, subependymal nodules, and subependymal giant cell astrocytomas (SEGAs), plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of epilepsy in TSC patients. Epilepsy is
Cyclin-dependent kinase-like 5 (CDKL5) deficiency disorder (CDD) is a rare X-linked neurodevelopmental condition marked by early-onset, refractory seizures and profound developmental delays. The hallmark feature of CDD is epilepsy, typically manifesting within the first few months of life. These seizures are often resistant to standard anti-seizure medications and contribute significantly to the disorder’s morbidity. Genetic
Intraoperative seizures during neurosurgical procedures represent a critical challenge, with the potential to disrupt surgery, complicate outcomes, and increase morbidity. These events can arise spontaneously or be triggered by surgical stimuli, direct cortical manipulation, or cortical electrical stimulation during brain mapping. An in-depth understanding of their pathophysiology, identification, and immediate intervention strategies is essential for
Isoniazid (INH) is a frontline antitubercular medication, but in overdose situations, it poses a serious neurotoxic threat, most notably by inducing seizures. These seizures are often refractory to conventional antiepileptic drugs and require specific antidotal therapy. Understanding the pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, and evidence-based interventions is crucial in managing INH toxicity effectively. Pathophysiology of Seizures in
Mushroom poisoning from gyromitrin-containing species, notably Gyromitra esculenta (false morel), is a rare but severe toxicological emergency. The ingestion of these mushrooms can lead to a constellation of symptoms, among which generalized tonic-clonic seizures are among the most alarming. The underlying pathophysiology involves gyromitrin metabolism into monomethylhydrazine (MMH), a potent neurotoxin that interferes with central
Seizure disorders, commonly referred to as epilepsy, are neurological conditions characterized by abnormal electrical activity in the brain. This results in sudden and uncontrolled episodes, known as seizures, which can manifest in various forms depending on the brain region affected. Seizure disorders can be disruptive to daily life, but with proper understanding, diagnosis, and treatment,
Sedation in pediatric patients is a critical component of modern medical care, designed to alleviate pain, reduce anxiety, and ensure comfort during medical procedures or treatments. Whether in the emergency room, operating room, or outpatient setting, the proper use of sedative agents is essential to managing both the physical and emotional needs of children. Given
Sedation in obstetrics plays a crucial role in managing pain, anxiety, and discomfort during labor, delivery, and various obstetric procedures. The primary goal is to ensure the safety and well-being of both the mother and the newborn, while also providing effective pain relief and minimizing the risk of complications. A careful balance between sedative agents,
Sedation in intubated patients is a cornerstone of intensive care, ensuring patient comfort, synchrony with mechanical ventilation, and minimizing agitation-induced complications. An individualized, protocol-driven approach to sedation optimizes outcomes, shortens ICU stays, and improves mortality when combined with effective pain control and delirium prevention. Goals of Sedation in the Intubated Patient Sedation Depth: Tailoring to