Health conditions and diseases starting with S. Understand symptoms, causes, and treatment options to make informed health choices.
Synovitis due to osteoarthritis represents a secondary inflammatory process within the synovial membrane triggered by mechanical and biochemical degeneration of articular cartilage. While osteoarthritis (OA) has traditionally been viewed as a non-inflammatory joint disease, recent evidence highlights the pivotal role of low-grade synovial inflammation in symptom progression, joint dysfunction, and cartilage breakdown. Synovitis amplifies the
Synovitis refers to the inflammation of the synovial membrane, a specialized connective tissue lining the inner surface of joints and tendon sheaths. This condition results in excess synovial fluid production, leading to joint swelling, pain, stiffness, and reduced mobility. Synovitis can be an isolated pathology or a manifestation of systemic autoimmune disorders. Most commonly, it
Synovial sarcoma is a rare and aggressive soft tissue malignancy that arises from mesenchymal cells. Despite its name, it does not originate from synovial tissue but is most commonly located near joints in the extremities, particularly in the lower limbs. It accounts for approximately 5–10% of all soft tissue sarcomas and frequently affects adolescents and
Streptococcal endocarditis, a subset of infective endocarditis (IE), predominantly affects native heart valves and is most commonly caused by viridans group streptococci (VGS), Streptococcus bovis, and occasionally β-hemolytic streptococci. These low-virulence organisms enter the bloodstream via mucosal surfaces, especially oral or gastrointestinal tracts, and adhere to damaged or prosthetic valves. While subacute in presentation, untreated
Staphylococcus aureus pneumonia is a severe respiratory infection that frequently leads to complications such as necrotizing pneumonia, bacteremia, and respiratory failure. The prevalence of both methicillin-sensitive (MSSA) and methicillin-resistant (MRSA) strains has elevated the complexity of treatment. Standard monotherapy often proves inadequate, particularly in high-inoculum lung infections or when biofilm-producing strains are involved. In this
Staphylococcus aureus, particularly methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), is a leading cause of skin and skin structure infections (SSSIs), encompassing cellulitis, abscesses, wound infections, and impetigo. The increasing prevalence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains demands innovative therapeutic approaches beyond monotherapy. Antibiotic Resistance and the Challenge of Monotherapy The treatment of SSSIs is complicated by the growing resistance
Staphylococcal septicemia, caused predominantly by Staphylococcus aureus, is a life-threatening bloodstream infection marked by rapid progression to sepsis, organ dysfunction, and high mortality rates. The emergence of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) strains has significantly complicated the treatment landscape. Conventional monotherapies often fail due to bacterial resistance, intracellular survival, and poor biofilm eradication. Therefore, synergistic antibiotic
Staphylococcal osteomyelitis, particularly that caused by Staphylococcus aureus, remains a significant therapeutic challenge due to its ability to invade bone tissue, form biofilms, and persist within osteoblasts. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) poses an even greater hurdle, requiring advanced treatment strategies. The use of synergistic antibiotic combinations has emerged as a critical tool in enhancing treatment
Staphylococcal joint infections, particularly those caused by Staphylococcus aureus, represent a significant clinical challenge due to their aggressive nature, potential for chronicity, and the emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains. These infections may involve native joints or prosthetic joints and often necessitate surgical intervention alongside prolonged antimicrobial therapy. The Role of Synergistic Antibiotic Combinations The concept of
Staphylococcal infections, primarily caused by Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS), represent a significant global burden due to their capacity for virulence, biofilm formation, and antibiotic resistance. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) further complicates treatment, necessitating combination regimens that provide synergistic effects. These strategies are critical for severe infections, including bacteremia, endocarditis, osteomyelitis, and device-associated infections.