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Systemic-onset juvenile idiopathic arthritis (SJIA) is a rare and severe form of juvenile arthritis that primarily affects children under the age of 16. Unlike other types of juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA), SJIA is characterized by systemic inflammation, meaning it can affect not only the joints but also other organs and systems of the body. This

Systemic sclerosis (SSc), commonly known as scleroderma, is an autoimmune disease characterized by the hardening and tightening of the skin and connective tissues. However, one of the most significant and potentially life-threatening complications of systemic sclerosis is systemic sclerosis-associated interstitial lung disease (SS-ILD). This condition occurs when fibrosis, or scarring, develops in the lungs, leading

Systemic mastocytosis (SM) is a rare and complex condition characterized by the abnormal accumulation and proliferation of mast cells in various tissues throughout the body, leading to a wide range of symptoms. These mast cells, typically involved in allergic reactions, become dysfunctional in SM, resulting in excessive release of histamine and other mediators that trigger

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a complex and chronic autoimmune disorder that can affect multiple organ systems, including the skin, kidneys, joints, heart, and lungs. It occurs when the immune system, which is designed to protect the body from foreign invaders, mistakenly attacks the body’s own tissues and organs. SLE is more common in women,

Systemic dermatomyositis is a chronic, idiopathic inflammatory myopathy characterized by distinctive cutaneous manifestations and progressive symmetrical proximal muscle weakness. As a multisystem autoimmune disease, it predominantly affects adults and children alike, with particular prevalence among women aged 40–60 years. Early recognition and a multidisciplinary approach to treatment significantly influence long-term outcomes and reduce morbidity. Pathogenesis

Systemic cryptococcosis, primarily caused by Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, represents a severe fungal infection that often manifests as cryptococcal meningoencephalitis. This life-threatening condition frequently affects immunocompromised individuals, notably those with advanced HIV/AIDS, solid organ transplants, or hematologic malignancies. While antifungal agents remain the cornerstone of therapy, adjunctive strategies are crucial to improve survival, manage

Systemic candidiasis, also referred to as invasive candidiasis, is a life-threatening fungal infection primarily caused by Candida species, most commonly Candida albicans, C. glabrata, C. parapsilosis, C. tropicalis, and the multidrug-resistant C. auris. It predominantly affects immunocompromised individuals, critically ill patients in intensive care units (ICUs), and those with central venous catheters or recent broad-spectrum

Systemic anaplastic large cell lymphoma (sALCL) is a rare but aggressive subtype of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), classified under mature peripheral T-cell lymphomas. It is characterized by large, pleomorphic lymphoid cells expressing CD30—a critical diagnostic and therapeutic marker. sALCL comprises two major clinical and molecular subtypes based on the presence or absence of an anaplastic lymphoma

Syphilis is a chronic, systemic sexually transmitted infection caused by the spirochete bacterium Treponema pallidum. The disease progresses in distinct clinical stages, each with its own manifestations and complications. Left untreated, syphilis can lead to severe neurological, cardiovascular, and systemic consequences. Despite the availability of effective antibiotic treatments, syphilis remains a significant public health concern