Health conditions and diseases starting with R. Get comprehensive insights into symptoms, causes, and treatment methods for better health.
Refractory Ewing’s sarcoma refers to cases where the disease does not respond to initial chemotherapy regimens or recurs after an initial period of remission. This aggressive malignancy, primarily affecting children and young adults, originates from primitive neuroectodermal cells and is characterized by a translocation involving the EWSR1 gene. Overcoming treatment resistance remains one of the
Refractory aspergillosis refers to invasive aspergillosis (IA) that fails to respond to standard first-line antifungal therapy, typically voriconazole or other triazoles. This serious, life-threatening condition predominantly affects immunocompromised individuals, including patients with hematologic malignancies, organ transplants, or prolonged neutropenia. Early recognition and aggressive management are critical to improving survival rates. Pathogenesis and Risk Factors The
Reflux esophagitis is a subtype of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) characterized by inflammation, irritation, or swelling of the esophageal lining due to repeated exposure to stomach acid. Chronic reflux leads to mucosal damage, predisposing patients to complications such as strictures, Barrett’s esophagus, and even esophageal carcinoma if left untreated. Causes of Reflux Esophagitis The primary
Cold agglutinin disease (CAD) is a rare autoimmune hemolytic anemia characterized by the destruction of red blood cells at low temperatures due to the presence of cold-reactive autoantibodies. The chronic hemolysis leads to significant anemia, fatigue, and, often, a dependency on blood transfusions to maintain adequate hemoglobin levels. The Clinical Burden of Blood Transfusions in
The reduction of allogeneic blood transfusion in surgery has become a cornerstone of modern surgical and anesthetic practice. Our primary aim is to optimize patient outcomes by minimizing transfusion-related complications, conserving blood resources, and reducing healthcare costs through evidence-based blood management strategies. Importance of Reducing Allogeneic Blood Transfusions Allogeneic blood transfusions, while life-saving, carry significant
Recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis (RVVC) is defined as four or more documented episodes of symptomatic vulvovaginal candidiasis within a 12-month period. It affects millions of women globally, significantly impacting quality of life and posing substantial management challenges due to its recurrent nature. Causes and Risk Factors of Recurrent Vulvovaginal Candidiasis The pathogenesis of RVVC involves a
Recurrent pericarditis is defined as the reappearance of pericardial inflammation after a symptom-free interval of four to six weeks following an initial episode. It represents a significant clinical challenge, characterized by repeated attacks of chest pain, elevated inflammatory markers, and potential complications impacting cardiac function. Causes and Risk Factors Associated with Recurrent Pericarditis While recurrent
Recurrent mucocutaneous herpes simplex is characterized by repeated outbreaks of herpes simplex virus (HSV) infections, affecting the skin and mucous membranes. The causative agents, HSV-1 and HSV-2, establish lifelong latency after initial infection and reactivate intermittently, leading to painful vesicular eruptions typically localized to the oral, genital, or perianal regions. Etiology and Risk Factors of
Recurrent herpes simplex labialis (HSL) is the reactivation of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) manifesting predominantly as vesicular lesions on the lips and perioral skin. Following initial infection, HSV-1 establishes lifelong latency in the trigeminal ganglia, reemerging periodically under specific conditions to cause symptomatic outbreaks, commonly referred to as cold sores. Causes and Reactivation
Recurrent herpes genitalis is a common manifestation of herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) infection, although herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) may also be involved. Following the primary episode, HSV establishes lifelong latency in the sacral dorsal root ganglia and can reactivate periodically, leading to recurrent genital lesions. Proper understanding of the clinical course,