R

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is the most prevalent form of kidney cancer, originating in the cells of the renal tubules. A nephrectomy, which is the surgical removal of a kidney, is often the primary treatment for RCC, especially when the cancer is localized. However, for many patients, additional therapies are required after nephrectomy to reduce

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is the most common type of kidney cancer, accounting for approximately 85% of all kidney cancer cases. This cancer originates in the lining of the kidney’s renal tubules, which are responsible for filtering waste from the blood. Renal cell carcinoma can develop gradually, often without symptoms in its early stages, making

Renal angiomyolipoma (AML) is a benign tumor that originates in the kidneys, primarily consisting of fat, muscle, and blood vessels. It is the most common benign renal tumor, and its occurrence can range from asymptomatic lesions to those that cause severe health complications. The relationship between renal angiomyolipomas and tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is of

Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis (RRMS) is the most common form of multiple sclerosis (MS), a chronic autoimmune disease that affects the central nervous system (CNS). MS occurs when the body’s immune system mistakenly attacks the protective covering of nerve fibers, known as myelin, causing inflammation and damage. In RRMS, individuals experience episodes of neurological decline (relapses)

Relapsing polychondritis (RP) is a rare and chronic autoimmune disorder characterized by inflammation and damage to cartilage throughout the body. It primarily affects cartilage in the ears, nose, joints, and respiratory tract, leading to significant health challenges for those affected. The condition can also cause systemic involvement, with symptoms fluctuating over time. Although RP is

Relapsing fever is a serious, recurrent bacterial infection that causes intermittent episodes of fever. It can be caused by various species of bacteria, with two main types of relapsing fever being Borrelia recurrentis (epidemic relapsing fever) and Borrelia species transmitted by ticks (endemic relapsing fever). This condition is often associated with severe symptoms and, if

Relapsing form of multiple sclerosis (RMS) refers to a neurological condition characterized by clearly defined attacks of new or increasing neurologic symptoms. These relapses are followed by periods of partial or complete recovery, known as remissions. During remission, symptoms may disappear completely, although some degree of permanent damage to nerves often occurs. RMS is the

Follicular B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) is a slow-growing form of lymphoma that primarily affects B lymphocytes, the immune cells responsible for producing antibodies. It is characterized by the abnormal growth of these cells in the lymphatic system, typically presenting as enlarged lymph nodes. While the disease is often manageable with initial treatments, a subset of