Health conditions and diseases starting with R. Get comprehensive insights into symptoms, causes, and treatment methods for better health.
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic, systemic autoimmune disorder primarily affecting synovial joints. Unlike osteoarthritis, which results from wear and tear, RA is characterized by immune-mediated inflammation that leads to joint damage, functional impairment, and systemic complications. Early detection and aggressive treatment are critical to mitigating long-term disability and improving patient outcomes. Pathophysiology of Rheumatoid
Rheumatic fever (RF) is a serious inflammatory condition that arises as a delayed autoimmune response to untreated or inadequately treated Group A streptococcal (GAS) pharyngitis. Despite being entirely preventable, it remains a global health burden, particularly in low-resource settings. Preventive measures, when implemented systematically, are highly effective in reducing the incidence of rheumatic fever and
Rheumatic fever is an autoimmune inflammatory disease that can develop after an untreated or inadequately treated Group A streptococcal (GAS) pharyngitis, commonly known as strep throat. It primarily affects children aged 5 to 15 years and is a leading cause of acquired heart disease in young individuals worldwide. Rheumatic fever is most prevalent in low-
Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is a malignant tumor originating from skeletal muscle progenitors. It predominantly affects children and adolescents but can also occur in adults. As the most common soft tissue sarcoma in the pediatric population, RMS presents unique challenges in diagnosis and management. Epidemiology and Risk Factors RMS accounts for approximately 5% of all childhood cancers
Rivaroxaban, a direct Factor Xa inhibitor, is widely used for stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation, treatment of venous thromboembolism (VTE), and postoperative thromboprophylaxis. While effective in reducing thromboembolic events, its anticoagulant effect may require urgent reversal in the setting of major bleeding, emergency surgery, or traumatic injury. The lack of routine monitoring and short half-life
Rocuronium is an aminosteroidal nondepolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent (NMBA) used widely in general anesthesia to provide muscle relaxation for tracheal intubation and surgical procedures. Its intermediate duration of action and rapid onset make it favorable compared to other NMBAs. However, due to its mechanism of competitive inhibition of acetylcholine receptors, residual neuromuscular blockade may persist
Neuromuscular blocking agents (NMBAs) are essential in modern anesthesia, facilitating endotracheal intubation and optimal surgical conditions by inducing skeletal muscle paralysis. These agents are classified into depolarizing (e.g., succinylcholine) and non-depolarizing agents (e.g., rocuronium, vecuronium, cisatracurium). Timely and effective reversal of neuromuscular blockade is critical to prevent residual neuromuscular blockade (RNMB), a condition associated with
Dabigatran etexilate is a direct thrombin inhibitor widely used for stroke prevention in non-valvular atrial fibrillation and treatment of venous thromboembolism. While its predictable pharmacokinetics allow fixed dosing without routine monitoring, the associated bleeding risk, particularly in emergencies or urgent surgical situations, necessitates prompt reversal strategies. Clinical Scenarios Requiring Dabigatran Reversal Reversal of dabigatran-induced anticoagulation
Benzodiazepines are frequently utilized in general anesthesia and procedural sedation due to their potent anxiolytic, amnestic, and sedative effects. Agents such as midazolam and diazepam are preferred for their rapid onset and short duration of action. However, the prolonged sedative effects in some patients necessitate pharmacological reversal, particularly in cases where rapid postoperative recovery is
Benzodiazepines are potent central nervous system (CNS) depressants commonly used for anxiolysis, sedation, muscle relaxation, and seizure control. They act on the gamma-aminobutyric acid type A (GABA-A) receptors, enhancing inhibitory neurotransmission and leading to dose-dependent sedation. In cases of overdose or excessive sensitivity, the resulting CNS depression may become life-threatening, necessitating pharmacologic reversal. Indications for