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Health conditions and diseases starting with P. Explore reliable details on symptoms, causes, and treatments to protect your well-being.

Prevention of Graft-Versus-Host Disease

Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) remains a significant complication following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Effective prevention is critical to improving transplant outcomes and minimizing morbidity and mortality. This article outlines current evidence-based strategies for GVHD prevention, including pharmacologic prophylaxis, donor selection, cellular manipulation, and risk-adapted approaches. Understanding the Pathogenesis of GVHD GVHD arises when immunocompetent

Prevention of Glucocorticoid-Induced Osteoporosis

Glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis (GIOP) is the most common form of secondary osteoporosis and a significant cause of morbidity among patients receiving long-term corticosteroid therapy. Effective prevention and management of GIOP are essential for reducing fracture risk and preserving bone health. We present current clinical guidelines, pharmacological strategies, and lifestyle interventions aimed at mitigating glucocorticoid-related bone loss.

Prevention of Fetal Neural Tube Defects During Pregnancy

Fetal neural tube defects (NTDs) are serious congenital malformations that arise during early embryonic development, commonly manifesting as spina bifida or anencephaly. Preventive strategies play a critical role in reducing their incidence, with proper maternal nutrition, targeted supplementation, and preconception care forming the foundation of effective prevention. We explore evidence-based recommendations and physiological considerations to

Prevention of Disseminated Candidiasis

Disseminated candidiasis, a severe and potentially life-threatening systemic fungal infection caused primarily by Candida albicans and other non-albicans species, presents a significant challenge in hospitalized and immunocompromised individuals. Effective prevention relies on an integrated approach encompassing timely identification of at-risk populations, judicious use of antifungal prophylaxis, immune function optimization, and stringent infection control protocols. Understanding

Prevention of Dental Caries

Dental caries, commonly referred to as tooth decay, remains one of the most prevalent chronic diseases globally. As a multifactorial condition involving diet, oral bacteria, saliva, and host factors, effective prevention of dental caries necessitates an integrated approach. This guide outlines proven, evidence-based practices for individuals and healthcare professionals seeking to minimize caries risk and

Prevention of Deep Vein Thrombosis Recurrence

Recurrent deep vein thrombosis (DVT) presents a significant risk of morbidity and mortality. Once a patient experiences an initial episode, the likelihood of recurrence is notably elevated without appropriate long-term secondary prevention. At the center of recurrence prevention are personalized anticoagulation regimens, risk factor modification, and clinical monitoring, particularly in those with unprovoked DVT or

Prevention of Cytomegalovirus Disease

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a widespread herpesvirus with the potential to cause severe disease in immunocompromised individuals, including organ transplant recipients, HIV-infected patients, and newborns infected in utero. While typically asymptomatic in healthy individuals, CMV reactivation or primary infection in vulnerable hosts can result in life-threatening organ involvement, graft rejection, or congenital complications. The prevention of

Prevention of CMV Disease in Advanced HIV Patients

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a critical opportunistic infection in individuals with advanced HIV infection, particularly those with CD4 counts below 50 cells/µL. CMV primarily manifests as CMV retinitis, the most common cause of blindness in AIDS patients, though it may also present as esophagitis, colitis, pneumonitis, or encephalitis. Effective prevention of CMV disease in advanced HIV

Prevention of CMV Disease After Organ Transplantation

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a major cause of infectious complications following solid organ transplantation. Its presence not only results in direct effects—such as CMV syndrome and tissue-invasive disease—but also exerts indirect effects, including allograft rejection, opportunistic infections, and long-term graft dysfunction. The prevention of CMV disease after organ transplant must be proactive, risk-adapted, and supported by

Prevention of CMV Disease After Kidney Transplantation

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) remains one of the most significant viral infections in renal transplant recipients. CMV infection following kidney transplantation not only causes direct disease but also contributes to indirect effects such as acute rejection, graft dysfunction, and opportunistic infections. Effective prevention of CMV disease after kidney transplantation is critical for improving both short-term and long-term