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Skin allografts remain indispensable in the management of extensive burns, chronic wounds, and certain reconstructive procedures. However, the immunogenic nature of skin, rich in antigen-presenting cells and vascularization, renders it particularly susceptible to acute and chronic rejection. Preventing skin allograft rejection requires a multifaceted approach that integrates immune modulation, histocompatibility matching, and graft monitoring. Immunopathogenesis

Seizures following cranial trauma or neurosurgical interventions represent a serious neurological complication with implications for recovery, long-term outcomes, and patient safety. These seizures can be classified as: Prevention and management demand a structured approach integrating clinical assessment, pharmacologic prophylaxis, and individualized risk stratification. Risk Factors for Seizures After Cranial Trauma or Neurosurgery Understanding who is

Rhesus isoimmunization, or Rh sensitization, occurs when an Rh-negative mother is exposed to Rh-positive fetal red blood cells (RBCs), triggering an immune response that results in the production of anti-D antibodies. These antibodies can cross the placenta in subsequent pregnancies, leading to hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn (HDFN)—a severe and sometimes fatal condition.

Rh isoimmunization, or Rh sensitization, occurs when an Rh-negative woman is exposed to Rh-positive fetal red blood cells (RBCs), leading to the production of anti-D antibodies. In future pregnancies, these antibodies may cross the placenta and attack Rh-positive fetal cells, resulting in hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn (HDFN). Even minimal fetomaternal hemorrhage during

Rh isoimmunization, or Rh alloimmunization, is a potentially serious immunologic reaction that occurs when an Rh-negative individual is exposed to Rh-positive red blood cells (RBCs), typically via blood transfusion. This exposure prompts the immune system to develop anti-D antibodies, leading to complications such as hemolytic transfusion reactions and future incompatibility in transfusion or pregnancy scenarios.

Rh incompatibility occurs when an Rh-negative mother carries an Rh-positive fetus, leading to the maternal immune system recognizing fetal red blood cells as foreign and producing antibodies. This sensitization can result in hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn (HDFN), a serious condition that may cause anemia, jaundice, or even fetal death if not managed

Respiratory Distress Syndrome (RDS) in newborns is a critical condition primarily caused by insufficient production of pulmonary surfactant, most commonly affecting preterm infants. Surfactant is essential for reducing surface tension in the alveoli, preventing collapse during expiration. Without timely intervention, RDS can lead to significant morbidity and mortality. Preventive strategies must be initiated during the