Diseases starting with O. Find detailed information on symptoms, risk factors, and effective treatment plans for optimal health.
Ornithine carbamoyltransferase deficiency (OTC deficiency) is a rare X-linked urea cycle disorder resulting from a mutation in the OTC gene, which encodes the mitochondrial enzyme ornithine transcarbamylase. This enzyme plays a pivotal role in the urea cycle, responsible for eliminating excess nitrogen by converting ammonia to urea. A deficiency leads to toxic accumulation of ammonia,
organophosphorus overdose: Organophosphorous (OP) compounds, widely used in agriculture as pesticides, pose significant health hazards when ingested, inhaled, or absorbed in excessive amounts. An organophosphorous overdose results in the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), causing an accumulation of acetylcholine at synaptic junctions. This leads to acute cholinergic toxicity, which can rapidly become fatal without timely intervention.
Organophos Insecticide Poisoning: Organophosphate (organophos) insecticides are widely used agricultural chemicals that pose serious risks to human health upon exposure. Poisoning typically results from accidental ingestion, occupational exposure, or intentional self-harm and can lead to life-threatening cholinergic toxicity due to the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase, a critical enzyme in the nervous system. Organophos insecticide poisoning is
Organ transplant rejection is a complex immunological response wherein the recipient’s immune system identifies the transplanted organ as foreign and mounts an attack against it. Despite advancements in surgical techniques and immunosuppressive therapy, rejection remains a significant challenge to transplant success and long-term graft survival. Understanding the types, underlying mechanisms, early detection, and strategies for
Behçet’s disease is a rare, chronic, multisystemic inflammatory disorder characterized by recurrent oral ulcers, genital lesions, ocular inflammation, and systemic involvement. One of the earliest and most consistent features of Behçet’s disease is the presence of recurrent oral aphthous ulcers, which often serve as the initial clinical manifestation. These ulcers are not merely superficial irritations
Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a chronic, autoimmune-mediated inflammatory condition that affects the mucous membranes of the mouth. Characterized by bilateral, white, lace-like lesions and, in some cases, painful erosions, OLP poses both clinical and diagnostic challenges. Although its precise etiology remains unclear, it is believed to involve immune dysregulation targeting basal keratinocytes of the
Oral candidiasis, commonly referred to as oral thrush, is a fungal infection in the oral cavity caused predominantly by Candida albicans. It manifests as white, creamy patches on the tongue, inner cheeks, palate, and throat. While often benign, the infection can become persistent or invasive in immunocompromised individuals or those with underlying health conditions. Timely
Optic neuritis is an inflammatory condition affecting the optic nerve, the structure responsible for transmitting visual information from the eye to the brain. This condition often leads to sudden vision loss, eye pain, and color vision abnormalities. It is most commonly associated with multiple sclerosis (MS) but can also occur independently or in connection with
Opisthorchiasis is a significant parasitic infection caused by trematodes, primarily Opisthorchis viverrini and Opisthorchis felineus. These liver flukes inhabit the bile ducts of humans and can cause severe hepatobiliary diseases, including cholangitis, cholecystitis, gallstones, and cholangiocarcinoma. Endemic in parts of Southeast Asia and Eastern Europe, opisthorchiasis poses a major public health challenge due to its
Opioid-induced respiratory depression (OIRD) is a life-threatening condition characterized by a reduced drive to breathe due to the pharmacologic effects of opioid medications on the central nervous system. As opioid use continues across clinical and non-clinical settings, the risk and prevalence of OIRD remain a significant public health concern. The Pharmacodynamics of Opioids in Respiratory