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Giardiasis is a common intestinal infection caused by the microscopic parasite Giardia duodenalis. This illness affects both humans and animals, spreading through contaminated water, food, or direct contact with infected individuals. Understanding the causes, symptoms, and treatment options for giardiasis is essential for effective management and prevention. Causes and Transmission of Giardiasis Giardiasis is caused
Giant papillary conjunctivitis (GPC) is a chronic inflammatory condition affecting the inner surface of the eyelid. It commonly occurs in individuals who wear contact lenses or have ocular prosthetics. Characterized by enlarged papillae on the upper eyelid’s inner surface, GPC can cause significant discomfort and visual disturbances if left untreated. Causes of Giant Papillary Conjunctivitis
Giant cell tumor of bone (GCTB) is a rare, aggressive bone tumor that primarily affects young adults. This locally destructive tumor commonly arises in the epiphysis of long bones, particularly around the knee region. Despite its benign nature, GCTB exhibits a tendency for local recurrence and, in rare cases, pulmonary metastasis. Causes and Risk Factors
Giant Cell Arteritis (GCA) is a serious inflammatory disease that primarily affects the arteries, especially those in the head. This condition is also known as temporal arteritis, as it often targets the temporal arteries. GCA predominantly affects individuals over the age of 50 and is closely linked to polymyalgia rheumatica. Causes and Risk Factors Giant
Gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (GTN) is a rare but serious condition characterized by abnormal growth of cells inside the uterus following conception. It falls under the broader category of gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD) and often arises after a molar pregnancy, miscarriage, or even a normal delivery. Types of Gestational Trophoblastic Neoplasia GTN comprises several malignant conditions
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a form of diabetes diagnosed during pregnancy that was not present before conception. It affects how the body processes glucose, often resulting in high blood sugar levels. While GDM usually resolves after childbirth, it requires careful management to ensure the health of both mother and baby. Causes of Gestational Diabetes
Germline BRCA mutations are genetic alterations in the BRCA1 or BRCA2 genes, inherited from parents. These mutations significantly increase the risk of developing breast cancer, particularly the HER2-negative subtype. Understanding the implications of this mutation is vital for early detection, treatment planning, and improving outcomes. Understanding BRCA Mutations What Are BRCA Genes? BRCA1 and BRCA2
Germline BRCA-mutated metastatic pancreatic adenocarcinoma (gBRCA-mPA) is a rare yet significant subtype of pancreatic cancer associated with inherited BRCA1 and BRCA2 gene mutations. Understanding its characteristics, diagnostic approaches, and treatment strategies is crucial for improved patient outcomes. Understanding Germline BRCA Mutations BRCA1 and BRCA2 are tumor suppressor genes responsible for DNA repair. Mutations in these
Genitourinary tract infections (GUTIs) are a common health concern affecting both men and women. These infections involve the urinary tract and reproductive organs, resulting in various complications if untreated. Understanding the causes, symptoms, and treatments is crucial for effective management. Causes of Genitourinary Tract Infections GUTIs arise from bacterial, viral, fungal, or parasitic infections. The
Genitourinary tract infections (GUTIs) encompass infections of the urinary tract and the genital organs. Among the various pathogens responsible, Proteus species, particularly Proteus mirabilis, are notable due to their unique pathogenic mechanisms and clinical implications. Understanding these infections is crucial for effective diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. Etiology and Pathogenesis Proteus mirabilis is a gram-negative bacterium