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Dementia is a collective term for a range of neurological disorders characterized by a decline in cognitive function, affecting memory, thinking, behavior, and the ability to perform everyday activities. It is not a single disease but a syndrome resulting from various underlying conditions. Types of Dementia Symptoms Dementia manifests through a variety of symptoms, which
Delirium is a rapid-onset neuropsychiatric syndrome characterized by disturbances in attention, awareness, and cognition. It is prevalent among hospitalized patients, particularly the elderly, and is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Prompt recognition and management are crucial to improve patient outcomes. Clinical Presentation Delirium manifests with a sudden change in mental status, typically developing over
Puberty is a crucial developmental phase during which boys undergo significant physical and hormonal changes, typically beginning between ages 9 and 14. When these changes have not started by age 14, it is classified as delayed male puberty. While often a variation of normal growth, delayed puberty can sometimes indicate an underlying medical issue that
Tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, remains a major global health challenge. Early detection is essential for effective control and treatment. One of the primary diagnostic tools is the delayed hypersensitivity skin test, also known as the Mantoux test, which utilizes tuberculin purified protein derivative (PPD) to detect prior exposure to M. tuberculosis. This article
Autologous bone marrow transplantation (ABMT) is a critical therapeutic approach for various hematologic malignancies, notably multiple myeloma. Despite advancements, challenges such as delays and failures in the transplantation process persist, impacting patient outcomes. This article delves into the causes, preventive measures, and implications of these challenges. Causes of Delays in Autologous Bone Marrow Transplantation Timing
Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (allo-BMT) is a critical therapeutic approach for various hematologic disorders. Despite advancements, challenges such as delays and failures persist, impacting patient outcomes. This article delves into the causes, preventive measures, and management strategies associated with these complications. Causes of Delays in Allogeneic Bone Marrow Transplantation Several factors can contribute to delays
Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D) is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the destruction of insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. The progression of T1D is categorized into three stages: Delaying the transition to stage 3 is crucial for improving patient outcomes and quality of life. Immunotherapeutic Interventions Teplizumab: A Breakthrough in Delaying T1D Progression Teplizumab,
Deficiency of Interleukin-1 Receptor Antagonist (DIRA) is an uncommon autoinflammatory disease resulting from autosomal recessive mutations in the IL1RN gene. This condition leads to unregulated activity of interleukin-1 (IL-1), causing systemic inflammation with prominent skin and bone manifestations. Early recognition and appropriate management are crucial to prevent severe complications and mortality. Genetic Basis and Pathophysiology
Bile acid synthesis disorders (BASDs) are a group of rare genetic conditions characterized by defects in the enzymatic pathways responsible for bile acid production. These defects impair the normal synthesis of bile acids, leading to cholestasis, fat malabsorption, and severe liver complications. Understanding the biochemical pathways and clinical implications of bile acid deficiency is crucial
Peroxisomal disorders are a group of inherited metabolic diseases characterized by dysfunctional peroxisomes, cellular organelles essential for lipid metabolism, including bile acid synthesis. A deficiency in bile acids due to peroxisomal dysfunction disrupts cholesterol breakdown and fat digestion, leading to severe hepatic, neurological, and systemic consequences. This article explores the mechanisms of bile acid deficiency