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Cytokine Release Syndrome (CRS) is an acute systemic inflammatory response characterized by fever and multiple organ dysfunction, often triggered by infections or certain immunotherapies. It is a potentially life-threatening condition that requires prompt recognition and management. Pathophysiology of Cytokine Release Syndrome CRS occurs when large numbers of white blood cells, including T cells, B cells,

Cystinuria is a rare inherited disorder that leads to the formation of recurrent kidney stones due to excessive excretion of cystine in the urine. This condition results from a defect in amino acid transport in the kidneys, making cystine insoluble and prone to crystallization. Without proper management, it can cause severe complications, including chronic kidney

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a life-threatening genetic disorder caused by mutations in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene. This gene is responsible for encoding the CFTR protein, which regulates the flow of chloride and water across cell membranes. When mutated, the protein fails to function properly, leading to thick mucus buildup in the

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a genetic disorder characterized by mutations in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene. Among these mutations, the F508del variant is notably prevalent. This article delves into the implications of being heterozygous for the F508del mutation, exploring its impact on CF manifestation and related health considerations. Understanding the CFTR Gene

Cycloplegia is a condition characterized by the paralysis of the ciliary muscle within the eye, leading to a loss of accommodation—the eye’s ability to focus on near objects. This paralysis results in blurred vision and difficulty focusing on close-up tasks. Understanding the etiology, clinical manifestations, and management options for cycloplegia is essential for effective diagnosis

Cyclic neutropenia is a rare hematologic disorder characterized by recurrent fluctuations in neutrophil levels, typically occurring in 21-day cycles. During these episodes, the neutrophil count drops significantly, leaving the body vulnerable to infections. This condition, often caused by mutations in the ELANE gene, disrupts normal neutrophil production and leads to periodic immunosuppression. Understanding the pathophysiology,

Cyanide toxicity represents a critical concern in toxicology and emergency medicine due to its rapid onset and potential lethality. This article provides an in-depth examination of cyanide toxicity, encompassing its sources, mechanisms of action, clinical manifestations, and current treatment protocols. Sources of Cyanide Exposure Cyanide compounds are encountered in various contexts, both natural and anthropogenic.

Cutaneous vasculitis refers to a group of disorders characterized by inflammation of blood vessels in the skin. This condition results from immune-mediated damage to the vascular endothelium, leading to various clinical manifestations such as palpable purpura, ulcers, nodules, and livedo reticularis. In some cases, it remains confined to the skin, while in others, it serves