Digitalis toxicity, also known as digoxin toxicity, is a potentially life-threatening condition resulting from an overdose of digitalis compounds, primarily digoxin. These compounds are commonly prescribed for heart conditions such as atrial fibrillation and heart failure. Due to their narrow therapeutic index, the margin between therapeutic and toxic doses is slim, necessitating vigilant monitoring. Etiology
Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma (DLBCL) is the most common type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), accounting for approximately 30-40% of all NHL cases worldwide. This aggressive malignancy originates in B lymphocytes, a crucial component of the immune system. While it can occur at any age, it is more prevalent in older adults, with a median diagnosis
Diffuse astrocytoma is a grade II glioma that arises from astrocytes, the star-shaped glial cells that support and protect neurons. Unlike well-circumscribed tumors, these neoplasms diffusely infiltrate brain tissue, making complete surgical removal challenging. While considered low-grade, they can progress to more aggressive gliomas, such as anaplastic astrocytoma (grade III) or glioblastoma (grade IV). Epidemiology
Diarrhea is a prevalent complication among individuals living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), significantly impacting their quality of life. This article delves into the multifaceted causes, clinical manifestations, diagnostic approaches, and management strategies for HIV-associated diarrhea. Causes of Diarrhea in HIV Patients The etiology of diarrhea in HIV-infected individuals is multifactorial, encompassing: Opportunistic Infections As
Diarrhea due to e. coli (E. coli) is a bacterium found in the intestines of humans and animals. While most strains are harmless, some pathogenic variants can cause severe gastrointestinal illnesses, particularly diarrhea. These infections often result from consuming contaminated food or water, leading to significant public health concerns worldwide. Pathogenic Strains of E. coli
Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)-secreting tumors, commonly referred to as VIPomas, are rare pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors that produce excessive amounts of VIP. This results in profound secretory diarrhea, hypokalemia, and achlorhydria, collectively known as WDHA (watery diarrhea, hypokalemia, and achlorhydria) or Verner-Morrison syndrome. Although VIPomas are rare, understanding their clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment is crucial
What is Diarrhea? Diarrhea is a condition characterized by the frequent passage of loose or watery stools, often occurring more than three times a day. It can be acute, lasting for a few days, or chronic, persisting for weeks. While mild cases resolve on their own, severe diarrhea can lead to dehydration and other health
Diaper rash, also known as diaper dermatitis, is a common skin irritation affecting infants and toddlers. It presents as redness, inflammation, and discomfort in the diaper area. Understanding its causes, symptoms, and treatment options is essential for effective management and prevention. Causes of Diaper Rash Several factors contribute to diaper rash, often occurring simultaneously: Symptoms
Acute thromboembolic stroke occurs when a blood clot obstructs cerebral blood flow, leading to ischemia and potential neuronal damage. This condition demands immediate medical intervention to prevent irreversible brain injury. Pathophysiology of Acute Thromboembolic Stroke A thromboembolic stroke results from an embolus or thrombus occluding a cerebral artery, depriving brain tissue of oxygen and nutrients.
Acute suppurative otitis media (ASOM) is a bacterial infection of the middle ear that causes pus accumulation and inflammation. When tympanostomy tubes are present, the condition may lead to persistent otorrhea (ear discharge), requiring specialized management to prevent complications. Pathophysiology of ASOM with Tympanostomy Tubes Tympanostomy tubes facilitate ventilation and drainage in patients with recurrent