Phenobarbital is a long-acting barbiturate widely used in the treatment of epilepsy, status epilepticus, and certain withdrawal syndromes. It exerts its effect by enhancing the inhibitory actions of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) at GABA-A receptors, promoting sedation, anticonvulsant activity, and hypnosis. Phenobarbital is favored for its effectiveness and long half-life, which allows for once-daily dosing. However,
Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis (TEN) is a rare, life-threatening skin disorder characterized by widespread detachment of the epidermis from the dermis. TEN is primarily a drug-induced condition, but can also result from infections or other medical conditions. This condition often presents with a rapid progression of erythematous skin lesions that evolve into blistering and sloughing of
Torsades de Pointes (TdP), a French term meaning “twisting of the points,” is a distinctive form of polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (VT) associated with a prolonged QT interval on electrocardiogram (ECG). This arrhythmia is characterized by rapid, irregular QRS complexes that appear to twist around the isoelectric line and can progress to ventricular fibrillation, leading to
Toothache, also known as odontalgia, is one of the most common forms of oral pain affecting individuals of all ages. It ranges from mild discomfort to intense, debilitating pain and can significantly impact one’s daily function. A toothache typically signals an underlying dental issue that requires prompt evaluation and treatment. Primary Causes of Toothache Tooth
Tonsillitis is an inflammation of the tonsils, the two lymphoid tissues located at the back of the throat. It is commonly caused by viral or bacterial infections and is especially prevalent among children, though adults may also be affected. While most cases are self-limiting, recurrent or severe episodes may require medical or surgical intervention. Key
Toenail onychomycosis is a common and persistent fungal infection of the nail unit, primarily caused by dermatophytes, but also by yeasts and non-dermatophyte molds. It represents approximately 50% of all nail disorders and is frequently associated with thickened, discolored, and brittle toenails. Though often regarded as cosmetic, onychomycosis can lead to discomfort, pain, and secondary
TNF receptor-associated periodic fever syndrome (TRAPS) is a rare hereditary autoinflammatory disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of fever, systemic inflammation, and various other symptoms affecting the skin, eyes, muscles, and joints. It is associated with mutations in the TNFRSF1A gene, which encodes the tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 (TNFR1)—a critical component of the immune system’s
Tinea manuum is a superficial dermatophyte infection that affects the palms, fingers, and interdigital spaces of the hands. Often referred to as ringworm of the hand, this condition results from dermatophyte fungi and can appear unilaterally, commonly affecting the dominant hand. It is frequently associated with concurrent infections like tinea pedis (athlete’s foot) or onychomycosis
Thyrotoxicosis crisis, also known as thyroid storm, is an acute, life-threatening condition characterized by an extreme surge in thyroid hormone activity. It represents the most severe form of thyrotoxicosis and requires immediate medical intervention. Often precipitated by stressors in patients with untreated or inadequately managed hyperthyroidism, this endocrine emergency can lead to multiorgan dysfunction and
Thyrotoxicosis is a clinical state resulting from elevated levels of circulating thyroid hormones—thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3)—regardless of their source. Unlike hyperthyroidism, which implies increased synthesis of thyroid hormones, thyrotoxicosis encompasses both endogenous overproduction and exogenous sources, including medication overuse and thyroiditis. Classification of Thyrotoxicosis by Etiology Thyrotoxicosis is classified based on the origin of