Esotropia is a type of strabismus (eye misalignment) where one or both eyes turn inward toward the nose. This condition can occur intermittently or be constant, affecting vision development and depth perception. Esotropia can be congenital (present at birth) or acquired later in life. Early diagnosis and intervention are crucial to prevent vision impairment and
Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is a malignant tumor arising from the epithelial cells lining the esophagus. It is the most common subtype of esophageal cancer worldwide, particularly prevalent in regions of Asia and Africa. The prognosis remains poor due to late-stage diagnosis and aggressive disease progression. This article explores the key aspects of ESCC,
Esophageal candidiasis, also known as Candida esophagitis, is a fungal infection caused by Candida species, primarily Candida albicans. It commonly affects immunocompromised individuals, such as those with HIV/AIDS, cancer, or diabetes, and patients on immunosuppressive therapy. This condition can lead to significant discomfort and complications if left untreated. Causes and Risk Factors Candida species are
Escherichia coli (E. coli), a Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic bacillus, is widely known for causing urinary tract infections, sepsis, and intra-abdominal infections. However, its role as a pathogen in pneumonia is often overlooked. E. coli pneumonia, though less common than other bacterial pneumonias, is a significant concern, particularly in hospital-acquired settings. This article delves into the
Eschar removal from thermal burn wound is a thick, dry, and necrotic tissue layer that forms over deep burn wounds. It impairs wound healing and increases infection risks, making timely removal essential for proper recovery. The approach to eschar removal depends on wound severity, patient health, and clinical indications. Methods of Eschar Removal There are
Erythrasma is a superficial bacterial skin infection caused by Corynebacterium minutissimum. It primarily affects warm, moist areas of the body, such as the groin, underarms, and between the toes. Often mistaken for fungal infections like tinea cruris (jock itch) or intertrigo, erythrasma is distinct due to its unique fluorescence under Wood’s lamp examination. Causes and
Erythema nodosum leprosum (ENL) is a severe immune-mediated complication of lepromatous and borderline lepromatous leprosy. It is classified as a Type 2 leprosy reaction, resulting in painful skin nodules, systemic inflammation, and multi-organ involvement. ENL significantly contributes to morbidity in affected individuals, often necessitating prolonged treatment and medical intervention. Pathophysiology of Erythema Nodosum Leprosum ENL
Erythema multiforme (EM) is an acute, self-limited, immune-mediated condition characterized by distinctive target-like lesions on the skin. It predominantly affects young adults and is often precipitated by infections, particularly herpes simplex virus (HSV), or, less commonly, by medications. The disorder manifests in two primary forms: erythema multiforme minor and erythema multiforme major, distinguished by the
What Is Erysipelas? Erysipelas is an acute bacterial skin infection that primarily affects the upper dermis and extends to the superficial lymphatics. It is most commonly caused by Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A Streptococcus) and presents with a well-defined, raised, red, and swollen rash. The condition requires prompt medical attention to prevent complications. Causes and Risk
What Is Erosive Lichen Planus? Erosive lichen planus (ELP) is a chronic autoimmune disorder affecting mucosal surfaces, including the oral cavity, genital areas, and sometimes the skin. Unlike typical lichen planus, which manifests as papular eruptions, ELP presents with painful erosions and ulcerations, leading to significant discomfort and reduced quality of life. Causes and Pathogenesis