Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) is a condition where the heart muscle becomes weakened and cannot pump blood efficiently. This results in a decreased ejection fraction (EF), typically defined as an EF of ≤40%. Understanding Ejection Fraction (EF) Ejection fraction is a measurement of the percentage of blood the left ventricle pumps out
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance and hyperglycemia. Among its numerous complications, heart failure (HF) poses a significant risk, contributing to increased morbidity and mortality rates. Understanding the correlation between these conditions is essential for effective management and prevention strategies. The Connection Between Type 2 Diabetes and
Headache disorders are among the most common nervous system conditions, characterized by recurrent headaches that may vary in intensity, duration, and origin. They significantly affect quality of life and productivity. Types of Headache Disorders Headache disorders are broadly categorized into primary and secondary headaches. Primary Headaches Primary headaches are not symptoms of another condition but
Gynecomastia is a medical condition characterized by the enlargement of breast tissue in males. It is commonly caused by hormonal imbalances, where estrogen levels are elevated in comparison to testosterone. This condition can affect males of all ages, from infants to older men. Causes of Gynecomastia Understanding the causes of gynecomastia is crucial in determining
Haemophilus septic arthritis is a serious bacterial infection affecting the joints, predominantly caused by Haemophilus influenzae species. Although rare in developed countries due to widespread vaccination, it remains a significant concern in unvaccinated populations and immunocompromised individuals. Rapid diagnosis and targeted treatment are crucial to prevent irreversible joint damage and systemic complications. Etiology and Risk
Haemophilus osteomyelitis is a rare but serious bacterial infection that affects the bones. This condition is primarily caused by Haemophilus influenzae, particularly type b (Hib), though other Haemophilus species may also be implicated. It typically affects children under the age of five but can also present in adults, especially those with compromised immune systems. Prompt
Granuloma annulare is a chronic skin condition characterized by raised, reddish or skin-colored lesions that form ring patterns. Although benign, this condition can persist for months or even years. It primarily affects children and young adults, often appearing on the hands, feet, elbows, or knees. Types of Granuloma Annulare 1. Localized Granuloma Annulare 2. Generalized
Gonococcal pharyngitis is a sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae, primarily affecting the throat. While this condition is less common than genital gonorrhea, it poses significant public health concerns due to its potential to spread undetected. Causes of Gonococcal Pharyngitis The primary cause of gonococcal pharyngitis is oral exposure to Neisseria gonorrhoeae. This
Gonococcal arthritis is a type of infectious arthritis caused by the bacteria Neisseria gonorrhoeae. This condition is most commonly seen in sexually active individuals and can lead to severe joint pain, inflammation, and mobility issues if untreated. Causes and Risk Factors Gonococcal arthritis develops when the gonorrhea infection spreads from the genital tract, rectum, or
Gonadotropin-releasing factor deficiency (GnRH deficiency) is a rare endocrine disorder characterized by impaired production or action of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). This condition can lead to delayed or absent puberty, infertility, and other hormonal imbalances. Causes of Gonadotropin-Releasing Factor Deficiency GnRH deficiency may arise due to genetic mutations, developmental anomalies, or acquired conditions. Common causes include: