Trigeminal neuralgia (TN) is a chronic pain disorder characterized by sudden, severe, electric shock-like pain affecting the face. The pain typically follows the distribution of the trigeminal nerve, which is responsible for sensory function in the facial region. Trigeminal neuralgia significantly impairs quality of life and demands a structured diagnostic and therapeutic approach to ensure
Tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) overdose represents a serious medical emergency due to its narrow therapeutic index and significant cardiotoxic and neurotoxic effects. Prompt recognition and evidence-based intervention are vital to improve survival and reduce complications. TCAs, commonly prescribed for depression, neuropathic pain, and insomnia, include drugs such as amitriptyline, nortriptyline, imipramine, and doxepin. Pathophysiology of Tricyclic
Trichostrongyliasis is a zoonotic parasitic infection caused by nematodes of the genus Trichostrongylus, primarily affecting the gastrointestinal tract. This soil-transmitted helminthiasis is prevalent in regions where humans live in close contact with herbivorous animals, resulting in significant public health concern due to its morbidity and diagnostic challenges. A detailed understanding of its epidemiology, clinical manifestations,
Treatment-resistant schizophrenia (TRS) presents a significant clinical challenge within psychiatric care. Defined as the persistence of psychotic symptoms despite adequate trials of at least two antipsychotic medications, TRS affects approximately 20-30% of individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia. Its complex pathophysiology and heterogeneous clinical presentation demand a nuanced and multidisciplinary therapeutic approach. Defining Treatment-Resistant Schizophrenia: Diagnostic Criteria
Mydriasis, the abnormal dilation of the pupil, often results from the pharmacologic action of ophthalmic agents, particularly adrenergic agonists and anticholinergic compounds. These agents are commonly used in ophthalmology for diagnostic procedures, such as fundus examinations and intraocular pressure assessments. However, prolonged or unintended mydriasis may interfere with visual acuity, induce photophobia, or complicate ocular
Traveler’s diarrhea (TD) is the most common illness affecting international travelers, particularly those visiting low- and middle-income countries. It is typically caused by ingesting contaminated food or water and leads to acute gastrointestinal symptoms such as diarrhea, abdominal cramps, and sometimes fever and vomiting. While most cases are self-limiting, untreated severe episodes can result in
Transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) remains the gold standard surgical intervention for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Despite its efficacy, infection prevention in TURP procedures is critical, as urinary tract infections (UTIs), bacteremia, and postoperative sepsis represent significant complications. A structured infection control strategy across all phases—preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative—can substantially reduce morbidity and improve
Transient cerebral ischemia, commonly known as a transient ischemic attack (TIA) or mini-stroke, represents a temporary disruption in the blood supply to the brain. While symptoms typically resolve within minutes to hours, the episode serves as a crucial warning sign of a potential full-blown stroke. Early recognition, prompt evaluation, and targeted management can significantly reduce
Transfusion reaction urticaria, commonly classified as a mild allergic transfusion reaction, manifests as an acute hypersensitivity response during or shortly after the administration of blood products. It is predominantly characterized by pruritic wheals (hives) and erythema, often without systemic complications. Although generally benign, prompt identification and management are essential to ensure patient safety and to
Total parenteral nutrition (TPN), while essential in patients unable to meet nutritional needs enterally, carries the risk of hepatic complications, most notably TPN-associated cholestasis. This condition, particularly prevalent among neonates and critically ill patients, involves impaired bile flow, leading to hepatobiliary dysfunction. Early recognition and proactive management are vital to reducing the incidence and long-term