Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome (LGS) is a rare and severe form of epilepsy that typically begins in early childhood. It is characterized by multiple seizure types, cognitive impairment, and resistance to standard anti-seizure medications. Managing LGS requires a multifaceted treatment approach, often including adjunct therapies to improve seizure control and enhance the patient’s quality of life. Primary
Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome (LGS) is a severe form of epilepsy that manifests in early childhood, characterized by multiple seizure types, cognitive impairment, and distinctive electroencephalogram (EEG) patterns. This article provides a comprehensive overview of LGS, including its epidemiology, etiology, clinical presentation, diagnostic criteria, treatment options, and prognosis. Epidemiology of Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome LGS is a rare condition,
Left ventricular dysfunction (LVD) is a common and severe complication following a myocardial infarction (MI), also known as a heart attack. It occurs when the left ventricle (LV), the heart’s main pumping chamber, is unable to contract effectively, reducing cardiac output and increasing the risk of heart failure, arrhythmias, and sudden cardiac death. The degree
Lead toxicity, also known as lead poisoning, occurs when lead accumulates in the body, reaching harmful levels. This heavy metal disrupts multiple physiological systems, particularly affecting the nervous system, kidneys, and cardiovascular health. While lead exposure has significantly decreased due to regulatory measures, it remains a serious environmental health risk, especially for children and occupational
Lateral canthal lines, commonly known as crow’s feet, are fine to deep wrinkles that develop at the outer corners of the eyes. These lines form due to repetitive facial movements, aging, and collagen depletion, becoming more pronounced over time. While they are a natural part of aging, various treatments and preventive measures can help reduce
Laryngeal edema refers to the swelling of the laryngeal tissues, which can lead to significant airway obstruction and respiratory distress. This condition often arises as a complication following endotracheal intubation, particularly in critically ill patients. Understanding its causes, symptoms, and management strategies is crucial for effective treatment and prevention of associated complications. Causes of Laryngeal
Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis (LCH) is a rare disorder characterized by the abnormal proliferation of Langerhans cells, a type of dendritic cell involved in the immune response. These abnormal cells accumulate in various tissues, leading to damage and dysfunction. Causes and Risk Factors The exact cause of LCH remains unclear, but research suggests it may have
Lamivudine, a nucleoside analog, has been a cornerstone in the treatment of chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. However, prolonged use has led to the emergence of lamivudine-resistant HBV strains, characterized by mutations in the viral polymerase gene, notably at positions rtL180M and rtM204V/I. These mutations diminish the drug’s efficacy, resulting in viral rebound and
Lamellar Ichthyosis (LI) is a rare congenital skin disorder affecting keratinization. It is characterized by thick, plate-like scales covering the body from birth. This condition results from genetic mutations affecting the epidermis, leading to impaired skin barrier function. Causes and Genetic Basis Lamellar Ichthyosis is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern, meaning both parents must
Lactose intolerance is the inability to digest lactose, a sugar found in milk and dairy products. This condition occurs due to a deficiency of lactase, the enzyme responsible for breaking down lactose in the small intestine. When undigested lactose reaches the colon, it ferments and causes digestive discomfort. Causes of Lactose Intolerance Lactose intolerance can