Urolithiasis, commonly referred to as urinary stone disease, denotes the formation of calculi (stones) within the urinary tract, including the kidneys, ureters, bladder, or urethra. These stones form due to supersaturation of minerals and salts, leading to crystallization and aggregation. It remains a globally prevalent urological disorder with significant recurrence rates and clinical burden. Classification
Urine alkalinization refers to the therapeutic process of increasing urinary pH above 6.5, often through dietary adjustments, medications, or supplements. This intervention plays a vital role in managing various medical conditions including uric acid nephrolithiasis, certain urinary tract infections, and improving drug excretion. The manipulation of urinary pH provides clinicians with a non-invasive strategy to
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are a common clinical concern affecting millions globally. While antibiotics remain the primary mode of treatment, growing antibiotic resistance underscores the need for effective adjunctive therapies. Urine acidification, a strategy aimed at lowering urinary pH, has emerged as a promising adjunctive measure in managing recurrent and resistant UTIs. Understanding Urine Acidification:
Urinary urgency is defined as a sudden, compelling urge to urinate that is difficult to defer. It is a core symptom of overactive bladder (OAB) and can significantly impact quality of life. This symptom may occur alone or alongside increased frequency, nocturia, and urge incontinence. Unlike simple frequent urination due to hydration or diuretics, urinary
Urinary urge incontinence is the involuntary leakage of urine associated with a sudden and intense urge to urinate. It is a symptom of overactive bladder (OAB) and affects millions worldwide, particularly older adults and women. Unlike stress incontinence, which occurs due to physical pressure on the bladder (e.g., coughing or sneezing), urge incontinence arises from
Urinary tract irritation refers to inflammation or sensitivity affecting parts of the urinary system, including the urethra, bladder, and surrounding tissues. This condition often manifests as discomfort, urgency, or burning during urination. It is a common complaint and can stem from infections, chemical exposures, underlying urological conditions, or systemic disorders. The symptoms may mimic those
Urinary retention is a urological condition characterized by the inability to empty the bladder completely or at all, despite the urge to urinate. It is classified into two main types: acute urinary retention, which presents suddenly and is a medical emergency, and chronic urinary retention, which develops gradually and may remain undetected for a prolonged
Detrusor overactivity is a urodynamic condition characterized by involuntary contractions of the detrusor muscle during the bladder filling phase. These contractions can lead to urinary urgency, frequency, nocturia, and urge urinary incontinence. As one of the primary causes of overactive bladder (OAB), detrusor overactivity significantly impairs quality of life and affects both men and women,
Urinary incontinence (UI) refers to the involuntary leakage of urine, a condition that affects millions of individuals globally, particularly women and older adults. While it may seem like an unavoidable consequence of aging or childbirth, UI is a treatable medical condition with a wide range of management strategies. Understanding the different forms and underlying causes
Urethritis refers to the inflammation of the urethra, the thin tube responsible for transporting urine from the bladder to the outside of the body. This condition can affect individuals of any gender or age and is commonly caused by infections, irritants, or trauma. Urethritis is categorized into gonococcal urethritis (caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae) and non-gonococcal