Neonatal thyrotoxicosis is a rare but potentially life-threatening endocrine disorder in newborns, characterized by excessive thyroid hormone levels within the first month of life. Most commonly, it results from transplacental passage of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs) from mothers with Graves’ disease. Prompt recognition and treatment are essential to prevent serious complications, including heart failure and developmental
Neonatal Seizure: Neonatal seizures are defined as abnormal, excessive electrical discharges in the brain of a newborn occurring within the first 28 days of life. Unlike seizures in older children or adults, neonatal seizures often present subtly and can be challenging to detect. Early recognition and management are critical due to their association with underlying
Neonatal opioid dependence, also known as neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS), is a condition in which newborns experience withdrawal symptoms due to prenatal opioid exposure. This occurs when an expectant mother uses opioids during pregnancy, leading to fetal drug dependence. After birth, the sudden discontinuation of opioid supply triggers withdrawal symptoms in the infant, affecting multiple
Neonatal hypocalcemic tetany is a calcium metabolism disorder that affects newborns, leading to neuromuscular excitability, muscle spasms, and seizures. It occurs due to low ionized calcium levels in the blood, disrupting normal nerve and muscle function. The condition is often associated with parathyroid hormone (PTH) deficiency, vitamin D deficiency, or maternal metabolic disorders. Early diagnosis
Neonatal apnea is a respiratory disorder in newborns characterized by temporary pauses in breathing lasting more than 20 seconds. It primarily affects preterm infants due to immature brainstem control of respiration. In some cases, oxygen desaturation and bradycardia (slow heart rate) accompany apnea, requiring immediate medical intervention. This condition is classified into three types: apnea
Neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia (NAIT) is a rare but serious condition in which maternal antibodies attack fetal platelets, leading to severe thrombocytopenia (low platelet count) in the newborn. This immune response occurs due to incompatibility between maternal and fetal human platelet antigens (HPA), similar to Rh incompatibility in hemolytic disease of the newborn. NAIT increases the
Neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS) is a withdrawal condition in newborns caused by maternal use of opioids or other addictive substances during pregnancy. The condition affects the central nervous system (CNS), gastrointestinal tract, and autonomic nervous system, leading to symptoms such as tremors, irritability, poor feeding, and respiratory distress. With the rise in opioid use, NAS
Neisseria gonorrhoeae pelvic cellulitis is a rare but serious bacterial infection affecting the pelvic tissues, often resulting from untreated or complicated gonorrhea. This condition can lead to severe inflammation, abscess formation, and systemic infections, making early diagnosis and prompt treatment crucial. It primarily affects women due to the anatomical spread of gonococcal infections from the
Necrobiosis Lipoidica Diabeticorum (NLD) is a chronic, inflammatory skin condition primarily associated with diabetes mellitus. It manifests as yellowish, atrophic plaques, typically on the lower legs. While the exact cause remains unclear, NLD is linked to microvascular complications in diabetic patients. This article explores the causes, symptoms, diagnostic approaches, and treatment options for NLD. What
Nausea gravidarum, commonly known as morning sickness, is a condition characterized by nausea and vomiting during pregnancy. It typically occurs in the first trimester but can persist longer in some cases. While it is usually mild and manageable, severe cases may lead to dehydration and malnutrition, requiring medical intervention. Causes of Nausea Gravidarum The exact