Neurogenic detrusor overactivity (NDO) is a condition characterized by involuntary contractions of the detrusor muscle due to neurological impairment. This results in urinary urgency, incontinence, and potential kidney damage if left untreated. NDO commonly occurs in individuals with spinal cord injuries, multiple sclerosis, stroke, or other neurological disorders. Effective management involves medications, catheterization, neurostimulation, and
Neurogenic bladder is a medical condition resulting from nerve damage that disrupts bladder function, leading to urinary retention, incontinence, and frequent infections. The condition can arise from spinal cord injuries, neurological disorders, diabetes, or congenital anomalies. Effective management requires a combination of medications, catheterization, surgery, and lifestyle modifications. This article explores the causes, symptoms, diagnostic
Neurofibromatosis type 1 with plexiform neurofibromas: Neurofibromatosis Type 1 (NF1) is a genetic disorder characterized by the development of multiple nerve sheath tumors, known as neurofibromas. A subset of these, called plexiform neurofibromas (PNs), are more extensive, involve multiple nerve branches, and can cause significant disfigurement, pain, and neurological complications. NF1 is caused by mutations
Neuregulin 1 gene fusion positive non small cell lung cancer (NRG1+ NSCLC) is a rare molecular subtype of NSCLC that involves the fusion of the NRG1 gene with various partner genes. This fusion leads to aberrant signaling in the HER3 (ERBB3) pathway, contributing to uncontrolled tumor growth and progression. Although NRG1 fusions are found in
Nesidioblastosis is a rare pancreatic disorder characterized by the abnormal proliferation of insulin-producing beta cells, leading to persistent hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia (PHH). This condition primarily affects newborns and infants, though cases in adults have been reported. It is closely related to congenital hyperinsulinism (CHI), a severe endocrine disorder that causes uncontrolled insulin secretion, resulting in frequent
Nephrotic syndrome is a clinical condition marked by heavy proteinuria (≥3.5 g/day), hypoalbuminemia, hyperlipidemia, and peripheral edema. It signifies a disturbance in the glomerular filtration barrier, primarily affecting the kidneys’ ability to retain proteins, particularly albumin. The syndrome is not a single disease but a manifestation of various underlying pathologies, both primary and secondary. Pathophysiology
Nephropathic cystinosis is a rare autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disorder characterized by the abnormal accumulation of the amino acid cystine within cells. This accumulation is caused by mutations in the CTNS gene, which encodes the lysosomal cystine transporter, cystinosin. The disease primarily affects the kidneys but can extend to multiple organ systems, leading to severe
Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (NDI) is a rare kidney disorder characterized by the inability of the kidneys to concentrate urine, leading to excessive urination (polyuria) and extreme thirst (polydipsia). Unlike central diabetes insipidus, which results from deficient antidiuretic hormone (ADH) production, NDI occurs when the kidneys do not respond properly to ADH (vasopressin). This resistance causes
A neoplasm of the brain, also referred to as a brain tumor, is an abnormal growth of cells within the brain or central nervous system (CNS). These tumors can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous) and may arise from brain tissues (primary tumors) or spread from cancers located in other parts of the body (secondary
Neonates at High Risk of Infection: Neonates, particularly those born preterm or under compromised maternal conditions, are highly susceptible to infections due to immature immune responses and exposure to pathogenic organisms during or after delivery. Infections in this population can rapidly progress to sepsis, meningitis, or pneumonia, requiring vigilant screening, prompt intervention, and robust infection