Non-24-Hour Sleep-Wake Cycle Disorder (Non-24) is a chronic circadian rhythm disorder where the internal biological clock fails to align with the 24-hour day-night cycle. Most prevalent in individuals who are completely blind, the disorder results in progressively delayed sleep and wake times, severely impacting daily functioning and quality of life. While it commonly affects the
Non-Q Wave Myocardial Infarction (NQMI), a subset of acute coronary syndromes (ACS), represents a form of myocardial infarction without the classic Q wave development on electrocardiogram (ECG). While it does not exhibit full-thickness myocardial necrosis, it signifies a serious ischemic event requiring urgent intervention. NQMI is typically classified under non-ST elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) and
Nocturnal enuresis, commonly known as bedwetting, is a condition characterized by involuntary urination during sleep. It primarily affects children but can persist into adolescence and adulthood. While occasional episodes are normal in young children, persistent bedwetting may indicate an underlying medical or psychological issue. Understanding the causes, symptoms, and treatment options can help manage and
Nocturia is a urinary disorder characterized by frequent urination during the night, disrupting sleep and affecting overall well-being. Unlike typical nighttime awakenings, nocturia involves waking up two or more times to urinate. This condition is often linked to aging, medical conditions, lifestyle habits, or underlying urinary tract issues. Proper diagnosis and treatment are essential to
nighttime sleep disturbance: Smith-Magenis Syndrome (SMS) is a rare genetic disorder characterized by developmental delays, behavioral abnormalities, and distinct sleep disturbances. A hallmark feature of SMS is nighttime sleep disruption, primarily due to an inverted circadian rhythm and abnormal melatonin secretion patterns. Individuals with SMS experience severe difficulty falling and staying asleep, leading to daytime
Niacin deficiency, also known as vitamin B3 deficiency, is a nutritional disorder that can lead to pellagra, a severe condition characterized by dermatitis, diarrhea, and dementia. Niacin plays a critical role in cell metabolism, energy production, and DNA repair. Without sufficient niacin, vital physiological processes deteriorate, resulting in widespread systemic complications. Understanding Niacin and Its
Neutropenia Secondary to AML Treatment: Neutropenia is a severe reduction in neutrophil count, a type of white blood cell essential for fighting infections. In patients undergoing treatment for acute myeloid leukemia (AML), neutropenia is a frequent and dangerous side effect caused by chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and bone marrow suppression. This condition increases susceptibility to infections,
Neuropathic pain is a debilitating consequence of spinal cord injury (SCI), affecting a significant proportion of patients. It arises due to damage to the spinal cord and nerves, leading to abnormal pain processing. Unlike nociceptive pain, which results from direct tissue damage, neuropathic pain is caused by maladaptive nerve signaling. This condition significantly impacts quality
Neuropathic pain is a complex, chronic pain condition caused by damage or dysfunction of the nervous system. Unlike nociceptive pain, which results from tissue injury or inflammation, neuropathic pain arises from abnormal nerve signaling. It can be spontaneous, persistent, or triggered by stimuli that normally do not cause pain. Common conditions associated with neuropathic pain
Neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS) is a rare but life-threatening reaction to neuroleptic (antipsychotic) medications. It is characterized by fever, muscle rigidity, altered mental status, and autonomic dysfunction. NMS results from dopamine receptor blockade in the central nervous system, leading to dysregulation of body temperature, motor control, and autonomic function. Without prompt recognition and treatment, it