Obstructive hydrocephalus, also known as non-communicating hydrocephalus, is a neurological disorder characterized by a blockage in the normal flow of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) within the ventricular system of the brain. This obstruction leads to increased intracranial pressure, progressive ventricular dilation, and, if untreated, irreversible brain damage. Understanding the pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnostic strategies, and treatment
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a chronic psychiatric condition characterized by the presence of obsessions—unwanted, intrusive thoughts—and compulsions—repetitive behaviors aimed at reducing distress. These symptoms can significantly impair daily functioning, relationships, and overall quality of life. OCD is categorized as an anxiety-related condition and can manifest in individuals of all ages, with early onset often occurring
Leptin receptor (LEPR) deficiency is a rare genetic disorder leading to severe, early-onset obesity caused by disruptions in the body’s energy regulation system. As a form of monogenic obesity, LEPR deficiency is linked directly to mutations in a single gene—LEPR—which encodes the receptor for leptin, a hormone critical for regulating appetite and body weight. Individuals
Bardet-Biedl Syndrome (BBS) is a rare autosomal recessive ciliopathy characterized by multisystemic manifestations, among which obesity is a hallmark. Unlike primary obesity, obesity associated with BBS results from genetic and cellular dysfunctions affecting satiety regulation and energy metabolism. Early diagnosis and tailored intervention are critical for managing the metabolic complications linked to BBS-induced obesity. Understanding
Nummular dermatitis, also referred to as discoid eczema, is a chronic inflammatory skin condition marked by the presence of coin-shaped, itchy, and scaly lesions. The term “nummular” is derived from the Latin word for coin, reflecting the distinct round or oval configuration of the skin plaques. This condition can significantly impair quality of life, often
Nsaid induced gastric ulcer: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are among the most widely prescribed medications for managing pain and inflammation. However, prolonged or improper NSAID use can compromise gastric mucosal defenses, leading to the development of gastric ulcers. These lesions present a significant burden on healthcare due to their potential to cause serious complications such
NSAID-induced duodenal ulcers are a critical manifestation of drug-induced gastrointestinal toxicity. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), widely prescribed for pain and inflammation, disrupt mucosal integrity through systemic and topical mechanisms, leading to ulcer formation in the duodenum. These ulcers, if left untreated, may result in serious complications such as bleeding, perforation, and obstruction. Epidemiology and Clinical
Nonexudative age-related macular degeneration (AMD), commonly referred to as dry AMD, is a chronic, progressive retinal disorder that affects the macula, the central portion of the retina responsible for sharp, detailed vision. It is the most prevalent form of AMD, accounting for approximately 85–90% of all AMD cases, especially in populations aged over 60. Unlike
Non-radiographic axial spondyloarthritis (nr-axSpA) is a subtype of axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA), a chronic inflammatory disease that primarily affects the spine and sacroiliac joints. Unlike ankylosing spondylitis (AS), which shows structural damage on X-rays, nr-axSpA lacks definitive radiographic sacroiliitis but may demonstrate inflammation on MRI and is associated with characteristic clinical features. nr-axSpA can affect both
Non Infectious Uveitis: Non-infectious uveitis is a form of intraocular inflammation not caused by pathogens but driven by immune-mediated or idiopathic mechanisms. It affects the uvea—the middle layer of the eye consisting of the iris, ciliary body, and choroid—and may extend to adjacent tissues such as the retina and vitreous body. This condition represents a