Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Obstructive pulmonary disease is a chronic respiratory disorder characterized by airflow limitation due to airway obstruction. This limitation is typically progressive and not fully reversible,…
Obstructive Hydrocephalus
Obstructive hydrocephalus, also known as non-communicating hydrocephalus, is a neurological disorder characterized by a blockage in the normal flow of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) within the…
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a chronic psychiatric condition characterized by the presence of obsessions—unwanted, intrusive thoughts—and compulsions—repetitive behaviors aimed at reducing distress. These symptoms can…
Obesity Due to Leptin Receptor (LEPR) Deficiency
Leptin receptor (LEPR) deficiency is a rare genetic disorder leading to severe, early-onset obesity caused by disruptions in the body's energy regulation system. As a…
Obesity Due to Bardet Biedl Syndrome
Bardet-Biedl Syndrome (BBS) is a rare autosomal recessive ciliopathy characterized by multisystemic manifestations, among which obesity is a hallmark. Unlike primary obesity, obesity associated with…
Nummular Dermatitis
Nummular dermatitis, also referred to as discoid eczema, is a chronic inflammatory skin condition marked by the presence of coin-shaped, itchy, and scaly lesions. The…
NSAID-Induced Gastric Ulcer
Nsaid induced gastric ulcer: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are among the most widely prescribed medications for managing pain and inflammation. However, prolonged or improper NSAID…
NSAID-Induced Duodenal Ulcer
NSAID-induced duodenal ulcers are a critical manifestation of drug-induced gastrointestinal toxicity. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), widely prescribed for pain and inflammation, disrupt mucosal integrity through…
Nonexudative Age-Related Macular Degeneration
Nonexudative age-related macular degeneration (AMD), commonly referred to as dry AMD, is a chronic, progressive retinal disorder that affects the macula, the central portion of…
Non-Radiographic Axial Spondyloarthritis
Non-radiographic axial spondyloarthritis (nr-axSpA) is a subtype of axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA), a chronic inflammatory disease that primarily affects the spine and sacroiliac joints. Unlike ankylosing…