Optic neuritis is an inflammatory condition affecting the optic nerve, the structure responsible for transmitting visual information from the eye to the brain. This condition often leads to sudden vision loss, eye pain, and color vision abnormalities. It is most commonly associated with multiple sclerosis (MS) but can also occur independently or in connection with
Opioid-induced respiratory depression (OIRD) is a life-threatening condition characterized by a reduced drive to breathe due to the pharmacologic effects of opioid medications on the central nervous system. As opioid use continues across clinical and non-clinical settings, the risk and prevalence of OIRD remain a significant public health concern. The Pharmacodynamics of Opioids in Respiratory
Opioid-induced constipation (OIC) is one of the most prevalent and distressing adverse effects of opioid therapy. Unlike other opioid side effects such as sedation or nausea that may diminish with time, OIC tends to persist throughout treatment and often worsens. It significantly affects patients’ quality of life, treatment adherence, and clinical outcomes, particularly in individuals
Opioid withdrawal is a clinical syndrome that occurs when a person who is physically dependent on opioids abruptly reduces or stops usage. It is the result of the body’s adaptation to prolonged opioid exposure and manifests through a constellation of physical and psychological symptoms. Although rarely life-threatening, opioid withdrawal can be intensely uncomfortable and often
Opioid-induced respiratory depression (OIRD) remains one of the most critical and potentially fatal complications associated with opioid therapy. As opioid analgesics continue to be essential in the management of moderate to severe pain, especially in perioperative, palliative, and chronic pain settings, implementing robust prophylactic measures is vital to reduce the risk of respiratory compromise. Our
Ophthalmic angiography is an essential diagnostic technique used to visualize the retinal and choroidal vasculature in vivo. This non-invasive or minimally invasive imaging procedure plays a pivotal role in the diagnosis, monitoring, and management of a wide range of ocular diseases, especially those involving the retinal and choroidal circulation. It provides high-resolution images that help
Lens operations, commonly referred to as eye lens surgeries, are performed to restore or improve vision affected by various ocular conditions. These procedures are primarily conducted to remove and replace a clouded natural lens, typically caused by cataracts, or to correct refractive errors such as myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism through refractive lens exchange (RLE). Advancements
Open heart surgery, a critical life-saving procedure, inherently carries the risk of surgical site infections (SSIs) and other healthcare-associated infections (HAIs). The sternotomy incision, prolonged exposure of internal structures, and use of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) systems increase susceptibility to microbial contamination. Effective infection prevention protocols are paramount for improving patient outcomes and reducing postoperative morbidity
Onychomycosis, medically referred to as tinea unguium, is a fungal infection of the nail unit caused predominantly by dermatophytes. These pathogenic fungi invade the nail plate, nail bed, and surrounding tissue, leading to discoloration, thickening, and eventual destruction of the nail. Onychomycosis due to dermatophyte is the most common cause of nail fungal disease globally,
Omphalitis of the newborn refers to an acute, potentially life-threatening bacterial infection of the umbilical stump. It typically manifests within the first two weeks of life and can rapidly progress to neonatal sepsis, particularly in low-resource settings or where hygiene practices during delivery and postnatal care are inadequate. Prompt diagnosis and timely treatment are essential