Pediculosis capitis, commonly known as head lice infestation, is a widespread parasitic condition caused by Pediculus humanus capitis. This obligate ectoparasite affects the scalp and hair shafts, predominantly in children between the ages of 3 and 12. Despite being non-life-threatening, it can cause significant discomfort, social stigma, and secondary infections if left untreated. Epidemiology and
Fever without a source (FWS) in pediatric patients represents one of the most common and challenging presentations in clinical practice. This condition refers to a documented fever—typically defined as a rectal temperature ≥38.0°C (100.4°F)—in children where no clear source of infection is identified after a thorough history and physical examination. Accurate and timely evaluation is
Peanut allergy is one of the most prevalent and potentially life-threatening food allergies worldwide, particularly in children. This condition is characterized by an overactive immune response to peanut proteins, leading to a spectrum of symptoms ranging from mild discomfort to anaphylaxis. As peanut exposure can occur even through trace amounts, stringent management and awareness are
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) encompasses a diverse group of lung malignancies, with metastatic cases requiring tailored treatment strategies. Among these, patients with PD-L1 positive, EGFR-negative, and ALK-negative metastatic NSCLC represent a distinct subgroup that benefits significantly from immune checkpoint blockade therapies. The absence of actionable mutations (EGFR, ALK) redirects the therapeutic focus toward PD-L1
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounts for approximately 85% of all lung cancers and remains a leading cause of cancer-related deaths globally. A subset of these tumors express the immune checkpoint protein PD-L1 (programmed death-ligand 1), which plays a critical role in immune evasion. PD-L1 positive NSCLC has emerged as a clinically relevant biomarker, guiding
Cervical cancer, driven predominantly by persistent human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, remains a leading cause of cancer-related mortality in women worldwide. The identification of Programmed Death-Ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression in cervical tumors has introduced a pivotal biomarker for patient selection in immune checkpoint therapy. PD-L1 positive cervical cancer represents a biologically distinct entity with unique immune
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a clinically aggressive subtype of breast cancer lacking expression of estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2). Among TNBCs, those expressing Programmed Death-Ligand 1 (PD-L1) represent a distinct immunogenic subset with unique diagnostic and therapeutic implications. Immunogenicity of PD-L1 Expressing TNBC Understanding PD-L1
Hypoglycemia remains one of the most serious acute complications in individuals with diabetes mellitus. It not only impairs immediate physiological function but also contributes significantly to long-term morbidity and treatment non-adherence. Identifying patients at risk of hypoglycemia, understanding its mechanisms, and instituting robust prevention and management strategies are essential to safe and effective diabetes care.
Anaphylaxis is a life-threatening systemic allergic reaction requiring immediate recognition and intervention. It can develop rapidly and may result in death if not promptly treated. Identifying patients at risk of anaphylaxis, understanding the underlying triggers, and implementing preventive strategies are crucial components of comprehensive clinical care. Recognizing Patients at Risk of Anaphylaxis Common Risk Factors
Pathological gastric acid hypersecretory condition refers to an abnormal increase in gastric acid production beyond physiological needs, often leading to severe gastrointestinal complications. This condition is primarily associated with diseases like Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, and is characterized by hypergastrinemia and excessive stimulation of parietal cells. Chronic acid overproduction disrupts mucosal integrity, increases ulcer formation risk, and