Perioperative tachycardia is defined as a sustained heart rate exceeding 100 beats per minute occurring before, during, or after surgery. As a clinical sign, it is often multifactorial—linked to autonomic imbalance, pharmacologic effects, surgical stress, hypovolemia, pain, or occult pathology. Failure to identify and address tachycardia intraoperatively or postoperatively may result in increased cardiac workload,
Perioperative mydriasis refers to the dilation of the pupils during or around the time of surgery, typically resulting from pharmacological, physiological, or pathological stimuli. While often benign, in certain contexts—especially ophthalmologic procedures, neurosurgery, or anesthesia-sensitive cases—persistent or unexpected mydriasis may indicate significant underlying issues requiring prompt evaluation. Understanding the Mechanisms Behind Perioperative Mydriasis Pupil size
Perioperative hypertension refers to elevated blood pressure occurring in the preoperative, intraoperative, or postoperative phases of surgery. It is a critical clinical entity associated with heightened cardiovascular risk, cerebrovascular events, and surgical complications. Optimal management is essential to minimize morbidity and mortality, particularly in patients with known hypertension or cardiovascular comorbidities. Etiology and Risk Factors
Periodontitis adjunct therapy encompasses supplementary treatment modalities designed to augment conventional mechanical debridement, specifically scaling and root planing (SRP). As periodontitis is a multifactorial disease with microbial, immunological, and behavioral components, monotherapy often proves inadequate. Therefore, the integration of adjunctive therapies has emerged as a vital strategy to enhance healing outcomes, reduce inflammation, and promote
Pericarditis is an inflammatory condition affecting the pericardium, the thin, double-layered sac that surrounds and protects the heart. This inflammation can lead to chest pain, pericardial effusion, and, in severe cases, cardiac tamponade or constrictive pericarditis. Types of Pericarditis and Their Classification Pericarditis can be classified by duration and etiology. Based on Duration Based on
Pericardial malignant effusion refers to the accumulation of fluid in the pericardial sac surrounding the heart, due to cancerous involvement. This condition often signifies advanced malignancy and carries significant clinical implications. The fluid buildup can compress the heart, impair its function, and lead to life-threatening complications such as cardiac tamponade. Pathophysiology of Malignant Pericardial Effusion
Perianal irritation, medically known as pruritus ani, is a common yet distressing condition characterized by itching, burning, redness, or discomfort around the anal region. While often benign, persistent or chronic perianal irritation may indicate underlying dermatologic, infectious, systemic, or proctologic disorders. Addressing the root cause is essential for effective management and prevention of recurrence. Common
Perennial allergic rhinitis is a chronic inflammatory condition of the nasal passages, triggered by allergens that persist throughout the year. Unlike seasonal allergic rhinitis, which is typically caused by pollen and other outdoor allergens, perennial allergic rhinitis is most often induced by indoor allergens such as dust mites, mold spores, pet dander, and cockroach droppings.
Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) has revolutionized the management of coronary artery disease. However, despite advances in stent design and procedural techniques, thrombosis remains a serious complication, particularly in patients with high thrombus burden or acute coronary syndromes. Preventing thrombosis during and after PCI requires a comprehensive strategy involving pharmacologic and mechanical adjuncts tailored to individual
A tubo-ovarian abscess (TOA) represents a severe complication of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), involving the fallopian tube, ovary, and often adjacent pelvic structures. Peptostreptococcus spp., a group of anaerobic, gram-positive cocci, are key pathogens in the development of this condition due to their ability to thrive in necrotic, poorly oxygenated environments. These organisms are part