Malignant pleural effusion (MPE) is a serious oncologic condition characterized by the abnormal accumulation of cancer-related fluid in the pleural cavity. This condition typically indicates advanced malignancy and is associated with poor prognosis. It severely impacts respiratory function and quality of life, necessitating timely and strategic intervention. Pathophysiology of Malignant Pleural Effusion MPE results from
Pleural empyema, also referred to as empyema thoracis, is the accumulation of pus within the pleural cavity—the space between the lung and the chest wall—typically resulting from an infection such as pneumonia, lung abscess, or thoracic surgery. It is a severe condition that requires immediate medical attention to prevent life-threatening complications like sepsis, lung collapse,
Platysma bands are vertical lines or cords that become prominent in the neck region with age. These visible structures are due to the contraction, separation, or hypertrophy of the platysma muscle, a superficial sheet-like muscle extending from the jawline down to the upper chest. The appearance of these bands is often associated with skin laxity,
Plasmodium malariae, the causative agent of quartan malaria, continues to persist in various tropical regions despite global malaria reduction efforts. Although typically associated with lower parasitemia and milder symptoms compared to Plasmodium falciparum, its capacity for chronic infection and silent transmission necessitates a targeted approach for prevention. In this article, we outline comprehensive and evidence-based
it is a chronic autoimmune skin disorder marked by raised, inflamed, and scaly patches on the skin. As the most common form of psoriasis, it affects approximately 80% to 90% of individuals diagnosed with the condition. Plaque psoriasis results from an overactive immune system that accelerates the life cycle of skin cells, causing them to
Pityriasis rubra pilaris (PRP) is a rare, chronic dermatologic condition characterized by follicular hyperkeratosis, erythroderma, and palmoplantar keratoderma. The disease often progresses from isolated patches of rough, scaly skin to widespread involvement, sometimes affecting the entire body. While PRP can occur at any age, it presents with distinct clinical features based on age of onset
Pituitary function studies are essential diagnostic tools used to assess the secretory capacity of the anterior and posterior pituitary gland, helping clinicians diagnose, manage, and monitor disorders affecting the hypothalamic-pituitary axis. These studies involve dynamic and static testing of hormone levels to evaluate the integrity of pituitary and target organ function. Understanding the Role of
Pituitary dwarfism, also referred to as growth hormone deficiency (GHD), is a rare condition that results in abnormally short stature due to insufficient production of growth hormone (GH) by the pituitary gland. This endocrine disorder typically presents during childhood and can profoundly affect physical development, though cognitive function usually remains unaffected. Overview of the Pituitary
Pheochromocytoma Adjunct Therapy: Pheochromocytoma is a catecholamine-secreting tumor that primarily arises from the adrenal medulla. While surgical resection remains the cornerstone of treatment, adjunct therapies are crucial for managing inoperable, metastatic, or recurrent tumors. These complementary treatments aim to control hormone production, inhibit tumor growth, reduce recurrence, and improve overall survival. Understanding the Role of
Pharyngitis Due to Haemophilus parainfluenzae: Haemophilus parainfluenzae is an opportunistic, gram-negative bacterium commonly found in the upper respiratory tract. Though often part of the normal oropharyngeal flora, it has emerged as a significant pathogen implicated in pharyngeal infections. This form of pharyngitis can be clinically indistinguishable from viral or streptococcal pharyngitis, yet requires targeted antimicrobial