Post-menopause begins 12 consecutive months after a woman’s last menstrual period. It marks the end of natural reproductive years, generally occurring between ages 45 and 55. This phase is driven by a significant decline in estrogen and progesterone levels, leading to physiological and psychological changes that can impact quality of life. Common Post-Menopausal Symptoms 1.
Diphtheria, a potentially lethal infection caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae, primarily affects the upper respiratory tract and is transmitted through respiratory droplets or close contact. In cases of suspected or confirmed exposure, timely prophylactic intervention is critical to prevent disease progression and interrupt transmission chains. Transmission and Pathophysiology Mode of Transmission Incubation Period Disease Mechanism Diphtheria
Post-anesthesia respiratory depression is a potentially life-threatening complication that occurs following the administration of anesthesia, particularly during the immediate postoperative period. It is characterized by inadequate ventilation, reduced respiratory drive, and impaired gas exchange, which may result in hypoxia, hypercapnia, or even cardiopulmonary arrest if not promptly addressed. Mechanisms and Causes of Post-Anesthesia Respiratory Depression
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is a serious psychiatric condition that develops in some individuals after experiencing or witnessing traumatic events such as war, natural disasters, serious accidents, sexual assault, or other life-threatening incidents. It can profoundly impact an individual’s psychological, emotional, and physical well-being, often persisting for months or years without appropriate intervention. Causes and
Polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR) is a chronic inflammatory disorder predominantly affecting adults over the age of 50. Characterized by pain and stiffness in the shoulders, neck, and hips, PMR is an immune-mediated condition that typically arises suddenly and symmetrically. It is closely associated with giant cell arteritis (GCA), a form of vasculitis, with up to 20%
Polymorphous light eruption (PMLE) is a common photosensitivity disorder characterized by an abnormal skin reaction to ultraviolet (UV) radiation, typically following sun exposure. It most commonly affects young adult women and individuals living in temperate climates. Unlike sunburn, PMLE is an immunologic reaction that does not require intense sun exposure to be triggered. The term
Polycythemia vera (PV) is a rare, chronic myeloproliferative neoplasm (MPN) marked by the overproduction of red blood cells in the bone marrow. In many cases, white blood cells and platelets are also elevated. The excessive cell production thickens the blood, increasing the risk of blood clots, stroke, and heart attack. PV is considered a slow-growing
Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is a complex endocrine disorder affecting women of reproductive age. It is characterized by hormonal imbalances, irregular ovulation, and the presence of multiple small cysts in the ovaries. PCOS is a leading cause of infertility and is frequently associated with insulin resistance, obesity, and androgen excess. Key Diagnostic Criteria The Rotterdam
Poisoning due to scorpion venom, also known as scorpion envenomation, represents a significant medical emergency in tropical and subtropical regions. Among the 1,500+ species of scorpions worldwide, approximately 30 are considered dangerous to humans. Venomous scorpion stings can cause systemic toxicity, particularly in children and immunocompromised individuals, necessitating rapid identification and intervention. Composition and Pathophysiology
Poisoning Due to Nerve Agent: Nerve agent poisoning refers to the toxic effects caused by a group of highly lethal chemical compounds designed to disrupt the nervous system. These substances, including sarin, VX, soman, and tabun, are classified as organophosphorus compounds and are often deployed as chemical warfare agents. Exposure, even in minuscule quantities, can