Postmenopausal urethral atrophy is a component of the broader genitourinary syndrome of menopause (GSM), characterized by estrogen deficiency-induced atrophic changes in the urethra, bladder, and surrounding vaginal tissues. This condition affects millions of women globally, impairing urinary function and reducing quality of life. Though underreported and often misdiagnosed, timely recognition and treatment yield significant improvements
Postmenopausal osteoporosis is a systemic skeletal disorder characterized by reduced bone mass and microarchitectural deterioration of bone tissue. This condition leads to increased bone fragility and susceptibility to fractures, predominantly in the spine, hip, and wrist. The decline in estrogen levels after menopause accelerates bone resorption, surpassing bone formation, resulting in significant bone loss. Pathophysiology:
Posterior synechiae are adhesions between the posterior surface of the iris and the anterior lens capsule. These adhesions typically develop as a consequence of intraocular inflammation, most commonly in the context of anterior uveitis. If not promptly diagnosed and managed, posterior synechiae may lead to complications such as elevated intraocular pressure, angle-closure glaucoma, and permanent
Postcoital contraception, commonly referred to as emergency contraception, encompasses medical interventions used to prevent pregnancy after unprotected intercourse or contraceptive failure. These methods are most effective when administered promptly after sexual activity, ideally within 72 to 120 hours. Emergency contraceptive options include hormonal pills and intrauterine devices (IUDs), each varying in mechanism, efficacy, and indications.
Postabortal hemorrhage refers to excessive bleeding following a spontaneous or induced abortion. As one of the most serious complications of abortion, it demands immediate recognition and prompt intervention. Defined as blood loss exceeding 500 mL or any amount resulting in hemodynamic instability, postabortal hemorrhage can arise from various etiologies including uterine atony, retained products of
Post-operative vaginal cuff infections represent a serious complication following gynecologic surgeries, particularly total hysterectomy. Among the microbial culprits, Peptostreptococcus—an anaerobic Gram-positive coccus—frequently colonizes the female genital tract and may cause deep pelvic infections when introduced to surgical sites. Understanding the etiology, clinical presentation, diagnostic approach, and management of Peptostreptococcus infections following vaginal cuff procedures is
Post-operative nausea and vomiting (PONV) is a frequent complication following anesthesia and surgery, affecting up to 30% of all surgical patients and up to 80% of high-risk individuals. This condition can significantly impact patient comfort, prolong recovery, and increase healthcare costs due to delayed discharge or unplanned hospital admission. A multidisciplinary approach to risk assessment,
Post-operative photophobia refers to abnormal light sensitivity experienced following ocular surgery. While some degree of photophobia may be transient and expected, persistent or severe symptoms warrant clinical investigation. Photophobia can emerge after procedures such as LASIK, cataract surgery, corneal transplants, or vitrectomy, indicating underlying inflammation, nerve hypersensitivity, or surgical complications. Common Causes of Post-Op Photophobia
Peptostreptococcus species are obligate anaerobic, Gram-positive cocci that are part of the normal flora in the vagina, gastrointestinal tract, and oral cavity. Despite their commensal status, these organisms can become pathogenic under surgical conditions. In gynecological surgeries, particularly those involving the uterus and adnexa, Peptostreptococcus may translocate into sterile areas, resulting in polymicrobial infections. It
Streptococcus species represent a significant cause of postoperative gynecologic infections, particularly after procedures involving the uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries, and adjacent pelvic structures. Group A Streptococcus (Streptococcus pyogenes) and Group B Streptococcus (Streptococcus agalactiae) are primary culprits, though other strains such as Streptococcus anginosus group can contribute to deep-seated abscesses and endometritis. Prompt diagnosis and