Verruca vulgaris, commonly referred to as the common wart, is a benign skin lesion resulting from infection with the human papillomavirus (HPV), primarily types 2 and 4. These lesions are characterized by their rough, raised surface and commonly appear on the hands, fingers, knees, and other trauma-prone areas of the skin. Though non-cancerous, verruca vulgaris
Verruca plana, commonly referred to as flat warts, are benign epidermal proliferations caused by specific strains of the human papillomavirus (HPV), particularly HPV types 3, 10, 28, and 49. These lesions are most prevalent in children and young adults, often appearing in clusters on the face, neck, hands, and extremities. Unlike common warts, they are
Vernal keratoconjunctivitis (VKC) is a chronic, bilateral, and recurrent allergic inflammatory disease primarily affecting the conjunctiva and cornea. It predominantly occurs in children and young adults, especially in males, and has a strong association with seasonal allergic responses. VKC is most prevalent in warm, dry climates and tends to exacerbate during spring and summer. Epidemiology
Vernal keratitis, a severe form of vernal keratoconjunctivitis (VKC), represents the corneal involvement in this chronic, recurrent ocular allergic condition. Predominantly affecting children and adolescents, especially males in hot and arid climates, this disease can result in substantial visual impairment if left untreated. It is marked by persistent inflammation of the conjunctiva and cornea, leading
Vernal conjunctivitis, also known as vernal keratoconjunctivitis (VKC), is a recurrent, bilateral, and chronic allergic eye disorder predominantly affecting children and adolescents. It is most common in warm, dry climates and tends to intensify in the spring and summer, hence the term “vernal.” VKC is a severe form of allergic conjunctivitis characterized by conjunctival inflammation
Venous thrombosis refers to the formation of a blood clot (thrombus) within a vein. This condition can obstruct normal blood flow, leading to swelling, pain, and in severe cases, life-threatening complications such as pulmonary embolism (PE). The most common type is deep vein thrombosis (DVT), usually affecting the deep veins of the legs. Pathophysiology of
Vasomotor symptoms (VMS), most commonly experienced as hot flashes and night sweats, are hallmark signs of the menopausal transition. These symptoms stem from hormonal changes, primarily the declining levels of estrogen, which disrupt the body’s thermoregulation. VMS affect approximately 75% of menopausal women, with varying intensity and duration. For some, these symptoms are mild and
Vasomotor rhinitis is a chronic, nonallergic condition characterized by nasal congestion, runny nose, sneezing, and postnasal drip without an identifiable allergic cause. Unlike allergic rhinitis, which is triggered by allergens such as pollen or dust mites, vasomotor rhinitis arises due to imbalances in the autonomic nervous system that affect blood vessels in the nasal mucosa.
Vasculitis refers to a group of rare disorders characterized by inflammation of blood vessels, including arteries, veins, and capillaries. This inflammation leads to changes in vessel walls—thickening, weakening, narrowing, or scarring—which can restrict blood flow and damage vital tissues and organs. The severity of vasculitis ranges from mild and self-limiting to life-threatening, depending on the
Vascular dementia is the second most common form of dementia after Alzheimer’s disease, resulting from impaired blood flow to the brain. The condition arises due to damage in cerebral vessels, typically from strokes or small vessel disease, which compromises oxygen and nutrient delivery to brain tissue. The resulting neuronal injury leads to cognitive decline, memory