Condition

Fetal neural tube defects (NTDs) are serious congenital malformations that arise during early embryonic development, commonly manifesting as spina bifida or anencephaly. Preventive strategies play a critical role in reducing their incidence, with proper maternal nutrition, targeted supplementation, and preconception care forming the foundation of effective prevention. We explore evidence-based recommendations and physiological considerations to

Disseminated candidiasis, a severe and potentially life-threatening systemic fungal infection caused primarily by Candida albicans and other non-albicans species, presents a significant challenge in hospitalized and immunocompromised individuals. Effective prevention relies on an integrated approach encompassing timely identification of at-risk populations, judicious use of antifungal prophylaxis, immune function optimization, and stringent infection control protocols. Understanding

Recurrent deep vein thrombosis (DVT) presents a significant risk of morbidity and mortality. Once a patient experiences an initial episode, the likelihood of recurrence is notably elevated without appropriate long-term secondary prevention. At the center of recurrence prevention are personalized anticoagulation regimens, risk factor modification, and clinical monitoring, particularly in those with unprovoked DVT or

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a major cause of infectious complications following solid organ transplantation. Its presence not only results in direct effects—such as CMV syndrome and tissue-invasive disease—but also exerts indirect effects, including allograft rejection, opportunistic infections, and long-term graft dysfunction. The prevention of CMV disease after organ transplant must be proactive, risk-adapted, and supported by

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) remains one of the most significant viral infections in renal transplant recipients. CMV infection following kidney transplantation not only causes direct disease but also contributes to indirect effects such as acute rejection, graft dysfunction, and opportunistic infections. Effective prevention of CMV disease after kidney transplantation is critical for improving both short-term and long-term

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is the most common opportunistic infection following cardiac transplantation. It is associated with direct effects such as CMV syndrome and tissue-invasive disease, as well as indirect consequences including graft rejection, allograft vasculopathy, and increased mortality. The prevention of CMV disease after cardiac transplantation is essential to ensure both graft and patient survival. A

Cisplatin remains a cornerstone chemotherapeutic agent for treating various solid tumors, including testicular, ovarian, head and neck, and lung cancers. However, its clinical efficacy is compromised by dose-limiting toxicities, notably ototoxicity, which manifests as irreversible, bilateral sensorineural hearing loss. The incidence of cisplatin-induced ototoxicity (CIO) varies from 20% to over 60%, with children and the

Chemotherapy-induced neurotoxicity, particularly peripheral neuropathy, is a frequent and often dose-limiting complication of cancer treatment. This form of neurotoxicity primarily affects sensory nerves and is commonly associated with agents such as platinum compounds, taxanes, vinca alkaloids, and proteasome inhibitors. Preventing neurotoxicity not only preserves functional integrity but also ensures uninterrupted and effective oncologic treatment. Understanding

Chemotherapy-induced mucositis is a debilitating inflammatory condition of the mucosal lining of the gastrointestinal tract, most commonly manifesting in the oral cavity. It significantly compromises nutritional intake, causes intense pain, increases infection risk, and often necessitates chemotherapy dose reductions or delays. Given its profound impact on patient outcomes and quality of life, implementing effective preventive

Chemotherapy-induced hemorrhagic cystitis (HC) is a serious urological complication predominantly associated with the use of alkylating agents such as cyclophosphamide and ifosfamide. It manifests as bladder mucosal bleeding, dysuria, hematuria, and potential long-term bladder dysfunction. Prevention is imperative to avoid treatment delays, hospitalizations, or severe morbidity. This comprehensive clinical guide outlines robust, evidence-backed strategies for