Condition

Preventing maternal-fetal transmission of HIV is a global health priority, with effective interventions reducing transmission rates to below 1%. Transmission can occur during pregnancy, childbirth, or breastfeeding. An evidence-based, integrated approach combining antiretroviral therapy (ART), obstetric management, and infant prophylaxis is essential to minimize the risk. Understanding Maternal-Fetal (Vertical) Transmission of HIV Vertical transmission refers

Liver transplantation stands as a critical intervention for patients with end-stage liver disease. Despite advancements in surgical techniques and immunosuppressive therapies, liver transplant rejection remains a pivotal concern. The effective prevention of liver transplant rejection hinges on comprehensive immunologic evaluation, strategic immunosuppression, and continuous post-transplant surveillance. Understanding Liver Transplant Rejection Rejection occurs when the recipient’s

Kidney transplantation offers life-saving treatment for patients with end-stage renal disease. However, graft rejection remains a primary challenge impacting long-term outcomes. Preventing kidney transplant rejection requires a multifaceted, evidence-driven approach encompassing tailored immunosuppressive regimens, vigilant monitoring, and timely intervention. Understanding Kidney Transplant Rejection Rejection occurs when the recipient’s immune system identifies the transplanted kidney as

Non-Q wave myocardial infarction (non-Q wave MI), often categorized under non-ST elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI), poses significant risk for recurrent ischemic events, including reinfarction, heart failure, and sudden cardiac death. Preventing these complications is critical in optimizing long-term outcomes for affected patients. This article outlines evidence-based strategies for the effective prevention of ischemic complications following

Transrectal ultrasound-guided (TRUS) prostate biopsy remains a cornerstone in prostate cancer diagnosis. However, due to the anatomical proximity of the rectum, this procedure carries a substantial risk of post-biopsy infection, including urinary tract infections (UTIs), prostatitis, and sepsis. With rising fluoroquinolone-resistant organisms, the need for robust preventive strategies is paramount. Infection Pathophysiology in Transrectal Prostate

Infections following transurethral surgical procedures remain a notable concern in urological practice. Whether performing transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP), transurethral resection of bladder tumors (TURBT), or other interventions, stringent infection control protocols are imperative. Proper implementation of these measures ensures patient safety, reduces hospital-acquired infections, and minimizes postoperative morbidity. Understanding Infection Risk in Transurethral

Spinal anesthesia is a widely employed technique in modern surgical practice, particularly for lower abdominal, pelvic, and lower extremity procedures. However, hypotension during spinal anesthesia remains a common and clinically significant complication, particularly in obstetric anesthesia. Effective prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia is essential to ensure patient safety, improve surgical outcomes, and reduce perioperative

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) remains a significant public health concern worldwide. Despite advancements in treatment and prevention, exposure incidents—whether occupational or non-occupational—still occur. Post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) is a vital intervention to prevent HIV infection when administered promptly and correctly. This guide outlines a comprehensive approach to preventing HIV after potential exposure, emphasizing rapid action, adherence

Head and neck cancers linked to human papillomavirus (HPV), particularly oropharyngeal cancers, have risen significantly over the past two decades. While tobacco and alcohol have historically been dominant risk factors, HPV—specifically HPV-16—has become the leading cause of oropharyngeal cancer in several regions, including North America and Europe. Preventing these cancers requires a comprehensive strategy, including

Glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis (GIOP) is the most common form of secondary osteoporosis and a significant cause of morbidity among patients receiving long-term corticosteroid therapy. Effective prevention and management of GIOP are essential for reducing fracture risk and preserving bone health. We present current clinical guidelines, pharmacological strategies, and lifestyle interventions aimed at mitigating glucocorticoid-related bone loss.